medsovetМедицинский СоветMeditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council2079-701X2658-5790REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.10.21518/ms2026-041medsovet-9882Research ArticleБРОНХОПУЛЬМОНОЛОГИЯ И ОТОЛАРИНГОЛОГИЯBRONCHOPULMONOLOGY, OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGYСистема интерферонов: современный взгляд на структурно-функциональную организацию и клиническое применениеThe interferon system: Modern view on structural and functional organization and clinical applicationhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4200-4598ЗахароваИ. Н.ZakharovaI. N.

Захарова Ирина Николаевна - д.м.н., профессор, заслуженный врач РФ, заведующая кафедрой педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского.

125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1

Irina N. Zakharova - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department of Pediatrics named after Academician G.N. Speransky, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education.

2/1, Bldg. 1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993

zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2181-8138ПупыкинаВ. В.PupykinaV. V.

Пупыкина Виктория Викторовна - ассистент кафедры педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского.

125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1

Viktoria V. Pupykina - Assistant Professor of the Department of Pediatrics named after Academician G.N. Speransky, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education.

2/1, Bldg. 1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993

vika-pupykina@mail.ruКузнецоваИ. С.KuznetsovaI. S.

Кузнецова Ирина Сергеевна - ассистент кафедры педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского.

125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1

Irina S. Kuznetsova - Assistant Professor of the Department of Pediatrics named after Academician G.N. Speransky, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education.

2/1, Bldg. 1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993

vanya771@mail.ruРоссийская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образованияРоссияRussian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional EducationRussian Federation202624032026016269Copyright © Захарова И.Н., Пупыкина В.В., Кузнецова И.С., 20262026Захарова И.Н., Пупыкина В.В., Кузнецова И.С.Zakharova I.N., Pupykina V.V., Kuznetsova I.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/9882

В настоящее время высокая заболеваемость инфекциями респираторного тракта (грипп А и В, другие острые респираторные вирусные инфекции, COVID-19) способствует оптимизации терапевтических протоколов и углублению знаний о патогенетическом значении интерферонов (ИФН) при различных нозологиях. В статье представлен литературный обзор. Поиск публикаций осуществлялся в информационных ресурсах и базах данных российских и зарубежных электронных библиотек за последние 40 лет. После исключения дубликатов было отобрано 39 статей, включающих современные исследования о системе ИФН как основного звена врожденного и адаптивного иммунитета. Представлена эволюция исследований значимости системы интерферона – от момента открытия до внедрения в клиническую практику. Приведена подробная классификация ИФН (типы I, II и III), дана характеристика их генетической организации, рецепторной специфичности и молекулярных механизмов индукции через паттерн-распознающие рецепторы. Детально рассмотрены пути сигнальной трансдукции и механизмы формирования противовирусного статуса клетки. Особое внимание в работе уделено иммуномодулирующей функции интерферонов при вирусных инфекциях респираторного тракта, а также стратегиям иммунной эвазии (уклонения патогенов от иммунных реакций). На основе анализа клинических данных обоснована эффективность применения интраназальных форм рекомбинантного ИФН-α2b, в частности российского препарата в форме назального спрея, для профилактики и лечения гриппа и острых респираторно-вирусных инфекций у детей. Система интерферонов является ключевым звеном врожденного и адаптивного иммунитета, обеспечивающим универсальную первую линию защиты организма от вирусных инвазий. Глубокое понимание молекулярных механизмов действия данных цитокинов позволило обосновать высокую эффективность применения топических форм рекомбинантного ИФН-α2b в клинической практике.

Currently, the high incidence of respiratory tract infections (influenza A, B, other acute respiratory viral infections, COVID-19) contributes to the optimization of therapeutic protocols and deepening knowledge about the pathogenetic significance of interferons (IFN) in various nosologies. This article presents a literature review. A search for publications was conducted using information resources and databases of Russian and international electronic libraries covering the past 40 years. After eliminating duplicates, 39 articles were selected, including current research on the IFN system as a key component of innate and adaptive immunity. A detailed classification (types I, II, and III) is given, as well as a description of their genetic organization, receptor specificity, and molecular mechanisms of induction through pattern-recognizing receptors. The ways of signal transduction and the mechanisms of formation of the antiviral status of the cell are considered in detail. Special attention is paid to the immunomodulatory function of interferons in viral infections of the respiratory tract, as well as strategies for viral evasion. Based on the analysis of clinical data, the effectiveness of the use of intranasal forms of recombinant IFN-α2b, in particular, the drug (nasal spray), for the prevention and treatment of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections, has been substantiated. The interferon system is a key component of innate and adaptive immunity, providing the body’s universal first line of defense against viral invasions. A thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms of action of these cytokines has allowed us to substantiate the high efficacy of topical forms of recombinant IFN-α2b in clinical practice.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.