<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/ms2026-030</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-9953</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯ КОЖИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DERMAL DISEASES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Полногеномное секвенирование как инструмент персонализированного подбора антибактериальных средств в терапии пациентов с микробной экземой</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Whole genome sequencing as a tool for personalized selection of antibacterial agents in therapy of patients with microbial eczema</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8047-2707</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лазарев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lazarev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лазарев Вениамин Викторович, ассистент кафедры дерматовенерологии </p><p>350063, Краснодар, ул. Митрофана Седина, д. 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Veniamin V. Lazarev, Assistant Professor of the Department of Dermatovenerology </p><p>4, Mitrofan Sedin St., Krasnodar, 350063</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gorod256@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9323-4604</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тлиш</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tlish</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тлиш Марина Моссовна, д.м.н., профессор, заведующая кафедрой дерматовенерологии </p><p>350063, Краснодар, ул. Митрофана Седина, д. 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina M. Tlish, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Dermatovenerology </p><p>4, Mitrofan Sedin St., Krasnodar, 350063</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tlish_mm@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5776-6221</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шавилова</surname><given-names>М. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shavilova</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шавилова Марина Евгеньевна, к.м.н., ассистент кафедры дерматовенерологии </p><p>350063, Краснодар, ул. Митрофана Седина, д. 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina E. Shavilova, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assistant Professor of the Department of Dermatovenerology </p><p>4, Mitrofan Sedin St., Krasnodar, 350063</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">marina@netzkom.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Кубанский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kuban State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>92</fpage><lpage>101</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лазарев В.В., Тлиш М.М., Шавилова М.Е., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лазарев В.В., Тлиш М.М., Шавилова М.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lazarev V.V., Tlish M.M., Shavilova M.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/9953">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/9953</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. В настоящем исследовании выполнен сравнительный анализ микробиома кишечника и пораженных участков кожи у пациентов с микробной экземой (МЭ). Кроме того, дана оценка эффективности персонализированного подхода к выбору системных и наружных антибиотиков с учетом данных антибиотикорезистентности, полученных на основе полногеномного секвенирования (WGS). Цель. Оценить эффективность комплексного лечения больных микробной экземой, включающего персонализированный подбор системных и наружных антибактериальных препаратов с учетом данных полногеномного секвенирования микробиома кожи и кишечника. Материалы и методы. В исследовании участвовали 60 пациентов с микробной экземой в стадии обострения, которых разделили на две равные группы (основную и сравнения) по 30 человек. Все больные получали терапию в соответствии с федеральными клиническими рекомендациями, при этом пациентам основной группы системный и наружный антибактериальные препараты подбирали персонализированно с учетом данных антибиотикорезистентности, полученных методом WGS. Для оценки динамики кожных проявлений использовали индекс EASI, а также регистрировали частоту обострений после основного курса терапии. Результаты. Через 6 мес. наблюдения у пациентов основной группы снизилась микробная колонизация в кишечнике (доля P. aeruginosa уменьшилась в 9,6 раза, E. coli – в 14,3 раза, C. difficile – в 43,5 раза, K. pneumoniae – в 11,2 раза) и на коже (доля S. aureus уменьшилась в 3,9 раза, P. aeruginosa – в 11,5 раза, E. coli – в 13,6 раза, C. difficile – в 39,8 раза, K. pneumoniae – в 5,1 раза). Индекс EASI в основной группе составил 0,44 (0,23–0,69) балла, тогда как в группе сравнения – 1,00 (0,77–3,31), при этом в основной группе пациентов рецидив произошел у 2 больных (6,67%), а в группе сравнения – у 5 (16,67%). Выводы. Полногеномное секвенирование позволяет с высокой точностью определить таксономический состав микробиомов. У пациентов, получавших персонализированную антимикробную терапию, восстановление микробиоценоза кожи и кишечника происходило быстрее по сравнению с группой сравнения.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. This study performed a comparative analysis of the gut microbiome and affected skin areas in patients with microbial eczema (ME). In addition, the effectiveness of a personalized approach to selecting systemic and topical antibiotics, taking into account antibiotic resistance data obtained from whole-genome sequencing (WGS), was assessed. Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of complex treatment for patients with microbial eczema, including a personalized selection of systemic and topical antibacterial agents, taking into account whole-genome sequencing data from the skin and gut microbiome. Materials and methods. The study included 60 patients with microbial eczema in the acute stage, divided into two equal groups (main group and comparison group) of 30 people each. All patients received treatment in accordance with Federal Clinical Guidelines. For patients in the main group, systemic and topical antibacterial medications were selected individually based on antibiotic resistance data obtained by WGS. The Eczema Area and Severity Index was used to assess the dynamics of skin manifestations, and the frequency of exacerbations after the main course of therapy was also recorded. Results. After 6 months of observation, patients in the main group showed a decrease in microbial colonization in the gut (the proportion of P. aeruginosa decreased by 9.6 times, E. coli – by 14.3 times, C. difficile – by 43.5 times, K. pneumoniae – by 11.2 times) and on the skin (the proportion of S. aureus decreased by 3.9 times, P. aeruginosa – by 11.5 times, E. coli – by 13.6 times, C. difficile – by 39.8 times, K. pneumoniae – by 5.1 times). The EASI index in the main group was 0.44 (0.23–0.69) points, while in the comparison group it was 1.00 (0.77–3.31) (p &lt; 0.001 from the start of therapy), while in the main group of patients, relapse occurred in 2 patients (6.67%), and in the comparison group – in 5 (16.67%). Conclusions. Whole-genome sequencing allows for a highly accurate determination of the taxonomic composition of microbiomes. Patients receiving personalized antimicrobial therapy experienced faster restoration of their skin and gut microbiomes compared to the comparison group.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микробная экзема</kwd><kwd>микробиом кожи</kwd><kwd>микробиом кишечника</kwd><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd><kwd>метагеномное секвенирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>microbial eczema</kwd><kwd>skin microbiome</kwd><kwd>gut microbiome</kwd><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd><kwd>metagenomic sequencing</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тлиш ММ, Попандопуло ЕК. Этиопатогенетические аспекты развития микробной экземы. Саратовский научно-медицинский журнал. 2018;14(4):651–656. Режим доступа: https://ssmj.ru/2018/4/651.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tlish MM, Popandopulo ЕК. Etiopathogenetic aspects of development of a microbial eczema. Saratov Journal of Medical Scientific Research. 2018;14(4):651–656. (In Russ.) Available at: https://ssmj.ru/2018/4/651.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тлиш ММ, Шавилова МЕ, Псавок ФА. Микробная экзема: современные возможности последовательной наружной терапии. Медицинский совет. 2023;(23):322–327. https://doi.org/10.21518/ms2023-476.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tlish MM, Shavilova ME, Psavok FA. Microbial eczema: modern possibilities of consistent topical therapy. Meditsinskiy Sovet. 2023;(23):322–327. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21518/ms2023-476.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Роживанова ТА, Полеско ИВ, Щербакова МЮ. Современные представления о микробиоценозе кожи и кишечника у больных экземой и метаболическим синдромом. Клиническая дерматология и венерология. 2015;14(2):11–16. https://doi.org/10.17116/klinderma201514211-16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rozhivanova TA, Polesko IV, Shcherbakova MYu. Modern concepts of the microbiocenosis of the skin and intestine in patients with eczema and metabolic syndrome. Klinicheskaya Dermatologiya i Venerologiya. 2015;14(2):11–16. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/ц10.17116/klinderma201514211-16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Олисова ОЮ, Свитич ОА, Поддубиков АВ, Вартанова НО, Потапова МБ. Микробиологическая оценка эффективности стандартной терапии при атопическом дерматите. Вестник дерматологии и венерологии. 2023;99(3):42–52. https://doi.org/10.25208/vdv1364.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olisova OY, Svitich OA, Poddubikov AV, Vartanova NO, Potapova MB. Microbiological assessment of the effectiveness of standard therapy in atopic dermatitis. Vestnik Dermatologii i Venerologii. 2023;99(3):44–52. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25208/vdv1364.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salem I, Ramser A, Isham N, Ghannoum MA. The Gut Microbiome as a Major Regulator of the Gut-Skin Axis. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:1459. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01459.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salem I, Ramser A, Isham N, Ghannoum MA. The Gut Microbiome as a Major Regulator of the Gut-Skin Axis. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:1459. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01459.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santoro A, Ostan R, Candela M, Biagi E, Brigidi P, Capri M, Franceschi C. Gut microbiota changes in the extreme decades of human life: a focus on centenarians. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2018;75(1):129–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-017-2674-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Santoro A, Ostan R, Candela M, Biagi E, Brigidi P, Capri M, Franceschi C. Gut microbiota changes in the extreme decades of human life: a focus on centenarians. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2018;75(1):129–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-017-2674-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Муравьева АС, Лыков ИН. Медико-экологические аспекты антибиотикорезистентности микробиома кожи у членов семьи. Проблемы региональной экологии. 2023;(3):27–31. https://doi.org/10.24412/1728-323X-2023-3-27-32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murav′yeva AS, Lykov IN. Medical and environmental aspects of antibiotic resistance of the skin microbiome in family members. Regional Environmental Issues. 2023;(3):27–31. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24412/1728-323X-2023-3-27-32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белоусова ТА, Каиль-Горячкина МВ. Современный взгляд на проблему антибиотикорезистентности и ее преодоление в терапии инфекционно-воспалительных заболеваний кожи. Consilium Medicum. Дерматология (Прил.). 2017;(2):19–23. Режим доступа: https://omnidoctor.ru/upload/iblock/1d4/1d475032ц9d3576dc5bc0f4aa9da646af.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belousova TA, Kail-Goriachkina MV. Modern view on the problem of antibiotic resistance and overcome it in therapy of infectious-inflammatory diseases of the skin. Сonsilium Medicum. Dermatology (Suppl.). 2017;(2):19–23. (In Russ.) Available at: https://omnidoctor.ru/upload/iblock/1d4/1d4750329d3576dc5bc0f4aa9da646af.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sommer M, Munck C, Toft-Kehler R, Andersson D. Prediction of antibiotic resistance: time for a new preclinical paradigm? Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017;15:689–696. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sommer M, Munck C, Toft-Kehler R, Andersson D. Prediction of antibiotic resistance: time for a new preclinical paradigm? Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017;15:689–696. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.75.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лазарев ВВ, Тлиш ММ, Шавилова МЕ. Возможности персонализированного подбора топических антибактериальных средств у больных микробной экземой на основе данных полногеномного секвенирования: проспективное сравнительное рандомизированное исследование. Кубанский научный медицинский вестник. 2025;32(4):18–32. https://doi.org/10.25207/1608-6228-2025-32-4-18-32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazarev VV, Tlish MM, Shavilova ME. Personalized selection of topical antibacterial agents in patients with microbial eczema based on whole genome sequencing data: A prospective сomparative randomized study. Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin. 2025;32(4):18–32. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25207/1608-6228-2025-32-4-18-32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лазарев ВВ, Тлиш ММ, Шавилова МЕ. Оптимизация лечения больных микробной экземой на основе данных полногеномного секвенирования: от эмпирического подхода к персонализированной системной антибактериальной терапии. Российский журнал кожных и венерических болезней. 2025;28(6):682–695. https://doi.org/10.17816/dv691519.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazarev VV, Tlish MM, Shavilova ME. Optimal management strategy for patients with infected eczema using whole-genome sequencing: from empiric treatment to personalized systemic antibacterial therapy. Russian Journal of Skin and Venereal Diseases. 2025;28(6):682–695. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17816/dv691519.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лазарев ВВ, Тлиш ММ, Шавилова МЕ. Микробиом кожи и кишечника у пациентов с хронической микробной экземой: оценка с помощью метагеномного секвенирования и его динамика в процессе терапии. Лечебное дело. 2024;(2):75–83. https://doi.org/10.24412/2071-5315-2024-13114.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazarev VV, Tlish MM, Shavilova ME. Skin and Gut Microbiome in Patients with Chronic Microbial Eczema: Assessment Using Metagenomic Sequencing and Its Dynamics during Therapy. Lechebnoe Delo. 2024;(2):75–83. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24412/2071-5315-2024-13114.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spiegelman D, Whissell G, Greer CW. A survey of the methods for the characterization of microbial consortia and communities. Can J Microbiol. 2005;51:355–386. https://doi.org/10.1139/w05-003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spiegelman D, Whissell G, Greer CW. A survey of the methods for the characterization of microbial consortia and communities. Can J Microbiol. 2005;51:355–386. https://doi.org/10.1139/w05-003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bin L, Malley C, Taylor P, Preethi Boorgula M, Chavan S, Daya M et al. Whole genome sequencing identifies novel genetic mutations in patients with eczema herpeticum. Allergy. 2021;76(8):2510–2523. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14762.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bin L, Malley C, Taylor P, Preethi Boorgula M, Chavan S, Daya M et al. Whole genome sequencing identifies novel genetic mutations in patients with eczema herpeticum. Allergy. 2021;76(8):2510–2523. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14762.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Pessemier B, Grine L, Debaere M, Maes A, Paetzold B, Callewaert C. Gut-Skin Axis: Current Knowledge of the Interrelationship between Microbial Dysbiosis and Skin Conditions. Microorganisms. 2021;9(2):353. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020353.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Pessemier B, Grine L, Debaere M, Maes A, Paetzold B, Callewaert C. Gut-Skin Axis: Current Knowledge of the Interrelationship between Microbial Dysbiosis and Skin Conditions. Microorganisms. 2021;9(2):353. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020353.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Силина ЛВ, Шварц НЕ. Микробиом кожи при микробной экземе. Клиническая дерматология и венерология. 2019;18(1):49–55. https://doi.org/10.17116/klinderma20191801149.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silina LV, Shvarts NE. Skin microbiome in case of microbial eczema. Klinicheskaya Dermatologiya i Venerologiya. 2019;18(1):49–55. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/klinderma20191801149.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murzina E, Kaliuzhna L, Bardova K, Yurchyk Y, Barynova M. Human Skin Microbiota in Various Phases of Atopic Dermatitis. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2019;27:245–249. Available at: https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/419922.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murzina E, Kaliuzhna L, Bardova K, Yurchyk Y, Barynova M. Human Skin Microbiota in Various Phases of Atopic Dermatitis. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2019;27:245–249. Available at: https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/419922.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lax SJ, Van Vogt E, Candy B, Steele L, Reynolds C, Stuart B et al. Topical Anti-Inflammatory Treatments for Eczema: A Cochrane Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2024;54(12):960–972. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.14556.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lax SJ, Van Vogt E, Candy B, Steele L, Reynolds C, Stuart B et al. Topical Anti-Inflammatory Treatments for Eczema: A Cochrane Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2024;54(12):960–972. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.14556.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chu DK, Chu AWL, Rayner DG, Guyatt GH, Yepes-Nuñez JJ, Gomez-Escobar L et al. Topical treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema): Systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023;152(6):1493–1519. https://doi.org/10.1016/jjaci.2023.08.030.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chu DK, Chu AWL, Rayner DG, Guyatt GH, Yepes-Nuñez JJ, Gomez-Escobar L et al. Topical treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema): Systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023;152(6):1493–1519. https://doi.org/10.1016/jjaci.2023.08.030.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Степаненко ИС, Косов ВА, Михайлова ЛВ, Тимофеева АС. Анализ резистентности Staphylococcus aureus в антибиотическую эпоху (литературный обзор). Астраханский медицинский журнал. 2025;20(2):27–50. https://doi.org/10.17021/1992-6499-2025-2-27-50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stepanenko IS, Kosov VA, Mikhailova LV, Timofeeva AS. Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus aureus resistance in the antibiotic era (literature review). Astrakhan Medical Journal. 2025;20(2):27–50. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17021/1992-6499-2025-2-27-50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мартынова АВ, Ускова СС. Устойчивость бактерий рода Enterococcus к антибиотикам и дезинфицирующим веществам (обзор литературы). Тихоокеанский медицинский журнал. 2025;(1):22–26. https://doi.org/10.34215/1609-1175-2025-1-22-26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martynova AV, Uskova CS. Resistance of Enterococcus bacteria to disinfectants (literature review). Pacific Medical Journal. 2025;(1):22–26. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.34215/1609-1175-2025-1-22-26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сухина МА, Макешова АБ, Шелыгин ЮА, Кашников ВН. Механизмы антибактериальной резистентности Clostridium (clostridioides) difficile. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2018;(12):70–79. https://doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-160-12-70-79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sukhina MA, Makesheva AB, Shelygin YuA, Kashnikov VN. Mechanisms of antibacterial resistance of Clostridium (clostridioides) difficile (review). Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2018;(12):70–79. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-160-12-70-79.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузнецов КО, Тукбаева ЛР, Казакова ВВ, Мирзоева КР, Богомолова ЕА, Салахутдинова АИ и др. Влияние COVID-19 на антибиотикорезистентность в педиатрической популяции. Педиатрическая фармакология. 2022;19(6):503–513. https://doi.org/10.15690/pf.v19i6.2465.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuznetsov KO, Tukbaeva LR, Kazakova VV, Mirzoeva KR, Bogomolova EA, Salakhutdinova AI et al. The Role of COVID-19 in Antibiotic Resistance in Pediatric Population. Pediatric Pharmacology. 2022;19(6):503–513. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15690/pf.v19i6.2465.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fölster-Holst R. The role of the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis – correlations and consequences. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2022;20(5):571–577. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.14709.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fölster-Holst R. The role of the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis – correlations and consequences. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2022;20(5):571–577. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.14709.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xie J, Li M, Yang S, Dong Q. Topical administration of mupirocin ointment and fusidic acid in bacterial infection-induced skin diseases. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2025;42(1):42–46. https://doi.org/10.5114/ada.2024.145185.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xie J, Li M, Yang S, Dong Q. Topical administration of mupirocin ointment and fusidic acid in bacterial infection-induced skin diseases. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2025;42(1):42–46. https://doi.org/10.5114/ada.2024.145185.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тараско АД. Хроническая глубокая рецидивирующая пиодермия в амбулаторной практике хирурга. Амбулаторная хирургия. 2021;18(2):144–150. https://doi.org/10.21518/1995-1477-2021-18-2-144-150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tarasko AD. Chronic deep recurrent pyoderma in the outpatient practice of the surgeon. Ambulatornaya Khirurgiya. 2021;18(2):144–150. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21518/1995-1477-2021-18-2-144-150.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малюкова КА, Гуляева ИЛ, Сивакова ЛВ. Патофизиологические механизмы формирования или обострения кожных заболеваний при стрессе. European Journal of Natural History. 2021;(3):24–28. Режим доступа: https://world-science.ru/ru/article/view?id=34181.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malyukova ChA, Gulyaeva IL, Sivakova LV. Pathophysiological mechanisms of formation and exacerbation of skin diseases under stress. European Journal of Natural History. 2021;(3):24–28. (In Russ.) Available at: https://world-science.ru/ru/article/view?id=34181.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kobayashi T, Nagao K. Host-microbial dialogues in atopic dermatitis. Int Immunol. 2019;31(7):449–456. https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxz026.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kobayashi T, Nagao K. Host-microbial dialogues in atopic dermatitis. Int Immunol. 2019;31(7):449–456. https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxz026.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baviera G, Leoni MC, Capra L, Cipriani F, Longo G, Maiello N et al. Microbiota in healthy skin and in atopic eczema. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:436921. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/436921.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baviera G, Leoni MC, Capra L, Cipriani F, Longo G, Maiello N et al. Microbiota in healthy skin and in atopic eczema. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:436921. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/436921.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
