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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medsovet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский Совет</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-701X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5790</issn><publisher><publisher-name>REMEDIUM GROUP Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21518/ms2026-094</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medsovet-9963</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЦЕРЕБРОВАСКУЛЯРНЫЕ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современные представления об эндотелиальной дисфункции: тяжесть, течение, клинические корреляции</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Current concepts of endothelial dysfunction: Severity, course, and clinical correlations</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8655-8501</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Путилина</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Putilina</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Путилина Марина Викторовна - д.м.н., профессор, профессор кафедры клинической фармакологии имени Ю.Б. Белоусова Института клинической медицины.</p><p>117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina V. Putilina - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Professor of the Yu.B. Belousov Department of Clinical Pharmacology at the Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University.</p><p>1, Ostrovityanov St., Moscow, 117997</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">profput@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>18</fpage><lpage>24</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Путилина М.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Путилина М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Putilina M.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/9963">https://www.med-sovet.pro/jour/article/view/9963</self-uri><abstract><p>Эндотелиальная дисфункция – универсальный механизм повреждения, не имеющей специфической принадлежности ни к одной нозологии. Характеризуется недостаточной продукцией вазодилататоров, протромботической и провоспалительной активацией клеток и патологически повышенной проницаемостью эндотелия. Клинически гетерогенна, имеет региональную вариабельность в экспрессии различных про- и антикоагулянтных факторов. Фактически все процессы представляют собой континуум генетических, эпигенетических, транскриптомных, протеомных, метаболических, морфологических и функциональных изменений. В 2023 г. разработана новая концепция патогенеза дисфункции эндотелия как системного процесса, позволяющая прогнозировать, профилактировать и корректировать течение ряда заболеваний. Выделяют 10 этапов повреждения эндотелия и три степени тяжести: легкую, среднюю, тяжелую. Легкая степень характеризуется пониженной степенью выработки оксида азота (NO), некритическим снижением количества АТФ на фоне повышенного потребления энергии для адаптации к нарастающей гипоксии. Клинически эту степень чаще всего ассоциируют с астеническими проявлениями. Среднетяжелая ЭД ассоциирована с прогрессирующим нейромедиаторным дисбалансом, активацией клеток адгезии, микротромбозами, гипоксией, нейровоспалением. Наиболее выраженные клинические характеристики – вторичная головная боль, когнитивные и тревожно-депрессивные расстройства. Тяжелая степень ЭД приводит к гибели эндотелиальных клеток. Потеря эндотелия сама по себе не приводит к тромбозу, однако нарушение целостности париетальной мембраны может повлиять на реологию крови. На этой стадии возникают отсроченные неврологические и системные осложнения. Понимание этапности повреждения имеет решающее значение для разработки индивидуальных терапевтических вмешательств – от изменения образа жизни до таргетной терапии, с поиском универсального эндотелиопротектора.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Endothelial dysfunction is a universal mechanism of injury, not specifically associated with any one nosology. It is characterized by insufficient production of vasodilators, prothrombotic and proinflammatory cell activation, and pathologically increased endothelial permeability. It is clinically heterogeneous, with regional variability in the expression of various pro- and anticoagulant factors. Essentially, all processes represent a continuum of genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolic, morphological, and functional changes. In 2023, a new concept for the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction as a systemic process was developed, enabling the prediction, prevention, and management of a number of diseases. Ten stages of endothelial damage and three degrees of severity are distinguished: mild, moderate, and severe. Mild endothelial dysfunction is characterized by reduced nitric oxide (NO) production and a noncritical decrease in ATP levels, coupled with increased energy consumption to adapt to increasing hypoxia. Clinically, this degree is most often associated with asthenic manifestations. Moderate/ severe ED is associated with progressive neurotransmitter imbalance, adhesion cell activation, microthrombosis, hypoxia, and neuroinflammation. The most pronounced clinical characteristics are secondary headache, cognitive, and anxiety-depressive disorders. Severe ED leads to endothelial cell death. Endothelial loss itself does not lead to thrombosis, but disruption of the parietal membrane integrity can affect blood rheology. Delayed neurological and systemic complications arise at this stage. Understanding the staging of damage is crucial for the development of individualized therapeutic interventions, from lifestyle modification to targeted therapy, with the search for a universal endothelial protector.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гипоксия</kwd><kwd>вазоспазм</kwd><kwd>астения</kwd><kwd>ангиопатия</kwd><kwd>нарушения коагуляции</kwd><kwd>оксид азота</kwd><kwd>нафтидрофурил</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hypoxia</kwd><kwd>vasospasm</kwd><kwd>asthenia</kwd><kwd>angiopathy</kwd><kwd>coagulation disorders</kwd><kwd>nitric oxide</kwd><kwd>naftidrofuryl</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grego A, Fernandes C, Fonseca I, Dias-Neto M, Costa R, Leite-Moreira A et al. Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: mechanisms and in vitro models. 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