ВЛИЯНИЕ КИШЕЧНОГО МИКРОБИОМА В НОРМЕ И ПАТОЛОГИИ НА ЗДОРОВЬЕ ЧЕЛОВЕКА

Кишечный микробиом играет существенную роль в регуляции моторики кишечника, оказывает определенное влияние на функционирование иммунной системы, течение метаболических процессов, а также формирование некоторых аспектов поведения. Имеются данные о том, что материнская микрофлора способна оказывать влияние на плод путем транслокации бактерий или бактериальных частиц через плацентарный барьер, хотя, безусловно, основная колонизация кишечника младенца происходит в процессе естественных родов под воздействием вагинальной и кишечной флоры матери. У детей, рожденных путем операции кесарева сечения, нормальный процесс колонизации кишечника нарушается, что может определять более высокий риск развития у них в дальнейшем некоторых иммуноопосредованных заболеваний, а также сахарного диабета 1-го типа и ожирения. Изменения в составе фекальной микрофлоры, которые принято называть дисбиозом, часто пытаются корректировать применением пробиотиков. В дополнение к хорошо известным эффектам пробиотиков в лечении острой диареи у детей данные препараты в настоящее время все чаще используются для профилактики некротизирующего энтероколита новорожденных, несмотря на то что доказательств эффективности их рутинного применения недостаточно. Ряд исследований продемонстрировали, что некоторые пробиотики могут быть эффективными в профилактике атопических заболеваний, предотвращении и лечении антибиотик-ассоциированной диареи, сокращении частоты и тяжести некротизируюшего энтероколита, купировании младенческих колик и терапии запоров. Учитывая роль микробиоты в развитии ожирения, некоторые пробиотики были использованы и показали свою эффективность в снижении веса. Относительно недавно начали применять трансплантацию фекальной микрофлоры для лечения Clostridium difficile-инфекции и воспалительных заболеваний кишечника. В настоящем обзоре обсуждаются актуальные данные о кишечной микробиоте, ее становлении, функциях, нарушениях состава и возможных способах их коррекции. 

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