Современные адаптированные смеси для вскармливания младенцев: состояние проблемы и перспективы решения

По оценкам Всемирной организации здравоохранения, в 2019 г. 47 млн детей в возрасте до 5 лет имели дефицит массы тела, из которых у 14,3 млн наблюдалась тяжелая степень недостаточности питания. Главной причиной большинства случаев нутритивного дефицита в мире является низкая калорийность рациона ребенка, дефицит и неполноценность пищевого белка, а также отклонения в потреблении витаминов и микроэлементов. В статье представлен обзор современной литературы, посвященный основным проблемам в создании адаптированных смесей для младенцев, лишенных возможности вскармливания грудным молоком. Среди наиболее острых проблем можно выделить следующие: трудности в приведении общего содержания белка в смеси к уровню грудного молока при сохранении адекватного аминокислотного профиля, высокий риск развития аллергии у младенцев на белок молока животных, неоправдавшиеся надежды на профилактический эффект смесей на основе частичных гидролизатов в отношении развития аллергических заболеваний, а также высокая распространенность функциональных нарушений пищеварительного тракта у детей, находящихся на искусственном вскармливании. При этом отмечено, что использование козьего молока в качестве белковой основы базовых детских формул может в перспективе позволить решить некоторые из вышеперечисленных проблем. Белковый компонент козьего молока выгодно отличается от коровьего, а спектр аминокислот позволяет снизить содержание белка в готовой смеси, обогащенной сывороточной фракцией, до рекомендованного уровня. Подчеркивается, что для окончательного ответа на поставленные вопросы требуется продолжение исследований по изучению эффективности и безопасности адаптированных смесей на основе козьего молока у младенцев.

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