Микробиота грудного молока здоровых женщин, проживающих в Российской Федерации

Введение. Грудное молоко матери – лучшее питание для ребенка и, как ни парадоксально, единственный продукт младенческого рациона, состав которого нам до сих пор не полностью известен. Данная статья посвящена результатам впервые проведенного в Российской Федерации исследования микробиоты грудного молока.

Цель. Изучить состав микробиоты грудного молока здоровых женщин, проживающих в Российской Федерации, и определить влияние различных факторов на его разнообразие.

Материалы и методы. Проведено молекулярно-генетическое исследование 56 образцов молозива и 12 образцов зрелого грудного молока от 56 здоровых доноров методом секвенирования бактериального фрагмента гена 16S рРНК.

Результаты. В выборке из 56 образцов молозива были идентифицированы 22 типа и 242 рода бактерий. У здоровых женщин с нормальным индексом массы тела, от физиологически протекаю щей беременности, не принимавших антибиотики, после естественных родов в срок наиболее многочисленными типами бактерий оказались Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, на уровне родов были наиболее распространены Streptococcus, Staphylococcus и Gemella. Статистический анализ влияния национальной принадлежности, возраста, количества детей в семье и длительности госпитализации (PERMANOVA) не показал существенных различий в пропорциях бактерий в молозиве женщин (p > 0,05). Единственный фактор, который оказался значимым, – пол ребенка. У матерей девочек биоразнообразие молозива (индекс Шеннона) выше, чем у матерей мальчиков. Кроме того, микробиота зрелого грудного молока (спустя 1 мес. после родов) отличается более низким альфа-разнообразием по сравнению с молозивом.

Обсуждение. Проанализировав полученные нами результаты и отчеты зарубежных коллег, мы выявили существенные сходства и отличия, которые, безусловно, объясняются рядом причин, связанных с методологическими и географическими различиями, способом, сроком и даже временем суток сбора образцов грудного молока.

Заключение. В целом молозиво здоровых женщин имело достаточно стабильный бактериальный состав, а его богатое биоразнообразие в полной мере демонстрировало высокое качество первого микробного инокулята для кишечника новорожденного. Полученные нами результаты дают полное представление о здоровой микробиоте грудного молока женщин, проживающих в Российской Федерации, и могут использоваться в качестве нормативных показателей, а также для сравнения с аналогичными показателями у женщин других стран.

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