Влияние стресса на организм человека

Стресс – это психофизиологическая реакция организма, связанная с нежелательными, сложными обстоятельствами или стрессорами. Воздействие стресса на нервную систему известно уже достаточно давно. Множество исследований подтверждают неблагоприятное воздействие стресса на мозг человека, на функцию иммунной, сердечно-сосудистой, пищеварительной, эндокринной и других систем организма. Острый стресс относится к кратковременному и адаптивному состоянию. Напротив, хронический стресс является длительным состоянием, которое, как известно, связано с дезадаптивной реакцией, подразумевающей вредное воздействие на организм. В организме есть много систем, которые регулируют уровень стресса, основными из которых являются гипоталамо-гипофизарно-надпочечниковая система и вегетативная нервная система. Гипоталамо-гипофизарно-надпочечниковая система реагирует на стрессоры, выделяя кортизол, – вещество, которое подготавливает организм к реакции «борьбы или бегства», и является важным биомаркером стресса. Кортизол в основном связан с психологическим стрессом. Вегетативная нервная система также участвует в возникновении и регуляции острого и хронического стресса. Она регулирует функции организма в ответ на внешние и внутренние стимулы (поддержание гомеостаза организма, включая температуру, уровень сахара в крови и др.). Адреналин, норадреналин и ацетилхолин являются основными нейромедиаторами, высвобождаемыми симпатическим и парасимпатическим отделами вегетативной нервной системы. В отличие от преходящей секреции гормонов стресса при остром стрессе, длительное повышение уровня катехоламинов и глюкокортикоидов не только вызывает психические заболевания, такие как тревожное расстройство и депрессия, но также участвует в развитии многих других заболеваний. Купирование ранних стресс-индуцированных симптомов (тревожных, вегетативных, кардиальных), особенно у лиц с высоким риском, крайне необходимо, поскольку своевременно начатая терапия будет способствовать полному и стойкому решению проблемы.

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