Лечение и вторичная профилактика после инфаркта миокарда
Аннотация
The article is about treatment and secondary prevention of myocardial infarction. Recently published recommendations of the Russian Society of Cardiology, the European Society of Cardiology, the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association are reviewed. The rationale for invasive examination and myocardial revascularization is discussed.
Об авторах
Э. В. Кулешова
Almazov Federal Heart, Blood and Endocrinology Centre, Russia’s Ministry of Health, St. Petersburg
Россия
Россия
А. В. Панов
Almazov Federal Heart, Blood and Endocrinology Centre, Russia’s Ministry of Health, St. Petersburg
Россия
Россия
Список литературы
1. Menzin J, Wygant G, Hauch O, Jackel J, Friedman M. One-year costs of ischemic heart disease among patients with acute coronary syndromes: findings from a multi-employer claims database. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24:461–468.
2. Fox KA, Carruthers KF, Dunbar DR, et al. Underestimated and underrecognized: the late consequences of acute coronary syndrome (GRACE UK–Belgian Study). Eur Heart J 2010;31:2755–2764.
3. Chew DP, Huynh LT, Liew D, Astley C, Soman A, Brieger D. Potential survival gains in the treatment of myocardial infarction. Heart 2009;95:1844–1850.
4. Ford ES, Ajani UA, Croft JB, et al. Explaining the decrease in U.S. deaths from coronary disease, 1980–2000. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2388–2398
5. Национальные рекомендации по кардиоваскулярной профилактике. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика 2011; 10 (6) Приложение 2
6. Smith SC, Benjamin EJ, Bonow RO, et al. AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention and Risk Reduction Therapy for Patients With Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2011 Update. A Guideline From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2011;124:2458-2473
7. Chow CK, Jolly S, Rao-Melacini P, et al. Association of diet, exercise, and smoking modification with risk of early cardiovascular events after acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2010;121:750–758
8. Lawler PR, Filion KB, Eisenberg MJ. Efficacy of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation post-myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am Heart J 2011;162:571e–584 e
9. Heran BS, Chen JM, Ebrahim S, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;7:CD001800.333
10. West RR, Jones DA, Henderson AH. Rehabilitation after myocardial infarction trial (RAMIT): multi-centre randomised controlled trial of comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation in patients following acute myocardial infarction. Heart 2011;98:637–644.
11. Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, et al. European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). Eur Heart Journ (2012) 33, 1635–1701
12. Morse SA, Gulati R, Reisin E. The obesity paradox and cardiovascular disease. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2010; 12(2):120-6
13. Kaneko H, Yajima J, Oikawa Y, et al. Obesity paradox in Japanese patients after percutaneous coronary intervention: An observation cohort study. J Cardiol. 2013; 62(1):18-24.
14. Bechlioulis A, Vakalis K, Naka KK, et al. Paradoxical protective effect of central obesity in patients with suspected stable coronary artery disease. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(3):E314-21.
15. Hamer M, Stamatakis E. Overweight and obese cardiac patients have better prognosis despite reporting worse perceived health and more conventional risk factors. Prev Med. 2013;57:12-6.
16. Messerli FH, Mancia G, Conti CR, et al. Dogma disputed: can aggressively lowering blood pressure In hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease be dangerous? Ann Intern Med 2006;144:884–893.
17. Sleight P, Redon J, Verdecchia P, et al. Prognostic value of blood pressure in patients with high vascular risk in the ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial study. J Hypertens 2009;27:1360–1369.
18. Okin PM, Hille DA, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Impact of lower achieved blood pressure on outcomes in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 2012; 30: 802–810.
19. Boutitie F, Gueyffier F, Pocock S, et al. J-shaped relationship between blood pressure and mortality in hypertensive patients: new insights from a meta-analysis of individual-patient data. Ann Intern Med 2002;136:438–448.
20. Mancia G., Fagard R.,Narkiewicz K et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension . Eur Heart Journ doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht151
21. Effects of Clopidogrel in Addition to Aspirin in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes without ST-Segment Elevation. The Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:494-502
22. Steg Ph.G., James SK, Atar D, et al. ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 2012; 33:2569–2619
23. Hamm Ch.W., Bassand J-P, Agewall S et al. ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 2011 2011;32:2999-3054
24. O’Gara PT, Kushner FG, Deborah D. Ascheim DD et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013; 127:e62-e425
25. Wijns W., Danchin N, Kolh Ph. et al. Guidelines on myocardial revascularization The Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) European Heart Journal 2010; 31: 2501–2555
26. Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2001–2015.
27. Steg PG, James S, Harrington RA, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes intended for reperfusion with primary percutaneous coronary intervention: A Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial subgroup analysis. Circulation 2010;122:2131–2141.
28. Grines CL, Bonow RO, Casey DE Jr., et al. Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents: a science advisory from the AHA, ACC, SCAI, ACS, ADA, with representation from the ACP. Circulation 2007;115:813–818.
29. O’Donoghue ML, Braunwald E, Antman EM, et al. Pharmacodynamic effect and clinical efficacy of clopidogrel and prasugrel with or without a proton-pump inhibitor: an analysis of two randomised trials. Lancet 2009;374:989–997.
30. Bhatt DL, Cryer BL, Contant CF, et al. Clopidogrel with or without Omeprazole in Coronary Artery Disease. N Engl J Med 2010;363(20):1909–1917.
31. Simon T, Steg PG, Gilard M, et al. Clinical events as a function of proton pump inhibitor use, clopidogrel use, and cytochrome P450 2C19 genotype in a large nationwide cohort of acute myocardial infarction: results from the French Registry of Acute ST-Elevation and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (FAST-MI) registry. Circulation 2010;123:474–482.
32. Dunn SP, Steinhubl SR, Bauer D, et al. Impact of proton pump inhibitor therapy on the efficacy of clopidogrel in the CAPRIE and CREDO trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013 Jan 15; 2(1):e004564. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.112.004564.
33. Goodman SG, Clare R, Pieper KS, et al. Association of Proton Pump Inhibitor Use on Cardiovascular Outcomes with Clopidogrel and Ticagrelor: Insights from PLATO. Circulation 2012;125:978-986 .
34. Abraham NS, Hlatky MA, Antman EM, et al. ACCF/ACG/AHA 2010 expert consensus document on the concomitant use of proton pump inhibitors and thienopyridines: a focussed update of the ACCF/ACG/AHA 2008 expert consensus document on reducing the gastrointestinal risks of antiplatelet therapy and NSAID use. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:2051–2066
35. Camm AJ, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, et al. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Europace 2010; 12:1360–420.
36. Camm J, Lip G.Y.H., De Caterina R, et al. 2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. An update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2012; 33 : 2719–2747
37. Lip G.Y.H., Huber K., Andreotti F. et al, European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Thrombosis. Antithrombotic management of atrial fibrillation patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and/or undergoing coronary stenting : a Consensus Document of the ESC Working Group on Thrombosis, endorsed by the EHRA and the EAPCI. Eur Heart J 2010; 31: 1311–1318.
38. Faxon DP, Eikelboom JW, Berger PB et al. Consensus document: antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing coronary stenting. A North-American perspective. Thromb Haemost 2011;106:572-84.
39. Fox KAA. Dual or single antiplatelet therapy with anticoagulation? The Lancet, 2013; 381:1080 – 1081
40. Sorensen R, Hansen ML, Abildstrom SZ, et. Al. Risk of bleeding in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with different combinations of aspirin, clopidogrel, and vitamin K antagonists in Denmark: a retrospective analysis of nationwide registry data. Lancet 2009;374:1967–74.
41. Fosbol E.L., Wang T.Y., Li S. et al. Safety and effectiveness of antithrombotic strategies in older adult patients with atrial fibrillation and non–ST elevation myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2012; 163 (4): 720–728.
42. Lamberts M, Olesen JB, Ruwald MH et al. Bleeding after initiation of multiple antithrombotic drugs, including triple therapy, in atrial fibrillation patients following myocardial infarction and coronary intervention: a nationwide cohort study. Circulation 2012;126:1185-93.
43. Dewilde WJM, Oirbans Т, Verheugt FWA et al. for the WOEST study investigators Use of clopidogrel with or without aspirin in patients taking oral anticoagulant therapy and undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: an open-label, randomised, controlled trial The Lancet 2013; 381:1107 – 1115
44. Lamberts M, Gislason GH, Bjerring J et al. Oral anticoagulation and antiplatelets in atrial fibrillation patients after myocardial infarction and coronary intervention. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.029
45. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, Eikelboom J, Oldgren J, Parekh A et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1139–51.
46. Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, Pan G, Singer DE, Hacke W et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011;365:883–91.
47. Camm AJ, Lip GY, De Caterina R, et al. Focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: An update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Europace 2012;14:1385–413.
48. Heidbuchel H, Verhamme P., Alings M et al. EHRA Practical Guide on the use of new oral anticoagulants in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Europace 2013; 15:625–651
49. Mega JL, Braunwald E, Wiviott SD, et al. Rivaroxaban in Patients with a Recent Acute Coronary Syndrome. N Engl J Med 2012;366:9–19.
50. Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) Study Investigators. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;285:1711–1718.
51. de Lemos JA, Blazing MA, Wiviott SD, et al. A to Z Investigators. Early intensive vs a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes: phase Z of the A to Z trial. JAMA 2004;292: 1307–1316.
52. Ray KK, Cannon CP, McCabe CH, et al. PROVE IT-TIMI 22 Investigators. Early and late benefits of high-dose atorvastatin in patients with acute coronary syndromes: results from the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:1405–1410.
53. Reiner Z, Catapano AL, De Backer G, et al. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J 2011;32:1769–1818.
54. Reiner Zˇ eljko, Catapano AL. De Backer G., et al. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. European Heart Journal (2011) 32, 1769–1818
55. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per la Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto miocardico. Lancet 1999;354:447–455.
56. Kromhout D, Giltay EJ, Geleijnse JM. n-3 fatty acids cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2010;363:2015–2026.
57. Rauch B, Schiele R, Schneider S, et al. OMEGA, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to test the effect of highly purified omega-3 fatty acids on top of modern guideline-adjusted therapy after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2010;122:2152–2159.
58. Chen ZM, Pan HC, Chen YP, et al. Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:1622–1632.
59. Miller CD, Roe MT, Mulgund J, et al. Impact of acute beta-blocker therapy for patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Med 2007;120:685–692.
60. Yusuf S, Wittes J, Friedman L. Overview of results of randomized clinical trials in heart disease. I. Treatments following myocardial infarction. JAMA 1988;260: 2088–2093.
61. Bangalore S, Steg PhG, Deedwania P., et al. ВеTA-Blocker Use and Clinical Outcomes in Stable Outpatients With and Without Coronary Artery Disease . JAMA. 2012;308(13):1340-1349
62. Myerson M, Coady S, Taylor H, et al. for the ARIC Investigators. Declining Severity of Myocardial Infarction From 1987 to 2002. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation. 2009; 119: 503-514
63. Yusuf S, Held P, Furberg C. Update of effects of calcium antagonists in myocardial infarction or angina in light of the second Danish Verapamil Infarction Trial (DAVIT-II) and other recent studies. Am J Cardiol 1991;67:1295–1297.
64. Secondary prevention with verapamil after myocardial infarction. The Danish Study Group on Verapamil in Myocardial Infarction. Am J Cardiol 1990;66: p33I–40I.
65. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moyé LA, et al. Effect of Captopril on Mortality and Morbidity in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction after Myocardial Infarction — Results of the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Trial. Engl J Med 1992; 327:669-677
66. ACE Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. Indications for ACE Inhibitors in the Early Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction . Systematic Overview of Individual Data From 100 000 Patients in Randomized Trials. Circulation. 1998; 97: 2202-2212
67. A randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58 050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. The Lancet, 1995; 345: 669 – 682
68. Fox KM; EURopean trial On reduction of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease Investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet 2003; 362:782-788.
69. Национальные рекомендации по диагностике и лечению стабильной стенокардии. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика 2008; 7(6).Приложение 4.
70. Национальные рекомендации по диагностике и лечению больных острым инфарктом миокарда с подъемом сегмента ST ЭКГ. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика 2007; 6(8).Приложение 1.
71. Dickstein K, Kjekshus J. Effects of losartan captopril on mortality morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomized trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Lancet 2002;360:752–760.
72. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1309–1321.
73. Leischik R, Dworrak B, Littwitz H, Gűlker H. Prognostic significance of exercise stress echocardiography in 3329 outpatients (5-year longitudinal study). Int J Cardiol. 2007;119:297–305.
74. Marcassa C, Bax JJ, Bengel F, et al. Clinical value, costeffectiveness, and safety of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: a position statement. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:557– 63.
75. Mahajan N, Polavaram L, Vankayala H, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of myocardial perfusion imaging and stress echocardiography for the diagnosis of left main and triple vessel coronary artery disease: a comparative meta-analysis. Heart. 2010;96:956–66.
76. Allman KC, Shaw LJ, Hachamovitch R, UdelsonJE. Myocardial viability testing and impact of revascularization on prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39:1151–1158.
77. Yao SS, Qureshi E, Sherrid MV, et al. . Practical applications in stress echocardiography: risk stratification and prognosis in patients with known or suspected ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:1084–90.
78. Badran HM, Elnoamany MF, Seteha M. Tissue velocity imaging with dobutamine stress echocardiography—a quantitative technique for identification of coronary artery disease in patients with left bundle branch block. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007;20:820 –31.
79. Nagao T, Chikamori T, Hida S, et al. Quantitative gated singlephoton emission computed tomography with (99m)Tc sestamibi predicts major cardiac events in elderly patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease: the QGS-Prognostic Value in the Elderly (Q-PROVE) Study. Circ J. 2007;71:1029 –34.
80. Patel MR, Bailey SR, Bonow RO et al. CCF/SCAI/AATS/AHA/ASE/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/SCCM/SCCT/SCMR/STS 2012 Appropriate Use Criteria for Diagnostic Catheterization J Am Coll. Cardiol 2012; 59: 1995-2027
81. Fox KA, Poole-Wilson PA, Henderson RA, et al. Randomized Intervention Trial of unstable Angina Investigators. Interventional versus conservative treatment for patients with unstable angina or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the British Heart Foundation RITA 3 randomised trial. Randomized Intervention Trial of unstable Angina. Lancet. 2002;360:743–751.
82. The Fragmin Fast Revascularization During Instability in Coronary Artery Disease (FRISC) Investigators. Invasive compared with non-invasive treatment in unstable coronaryartery disease: FRISC-II prospective randomised multicentre study. Lancet. 1999;354:708.
83. Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Demopoulos LA, et al. TACTICS (Treat Angina with Aggrastat and Determine Cost of Therapy with an Invasive or Conservative Strategy) Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 18 Investigators. Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1879–1887.
84. Pursnani S, Korley F, Gopaul R, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus optimal medical therapy in stable coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;5:476–90.
85. Rossini R, Musumeci G, Pio Navarese E, Tarantini G. Coronary artery disease: to cath or not to cath? When and how best to cath: those are the remaining questions. Am J Cardiovasc Dis. 2013; 3 : 27–38.
86. Boden W.E., O’Rourke R.A., Teo K.K. et al. Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease // N. Engl. J. Med. 2007; 356:1503-1516
87. Dagenais G.R., Lu J., Faxon D.P. et al. Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) Study Group. Effects of optimal medical treatment with or without coronary revascularization on angina and subsequent revascularizations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and stable ischemic heart disease // Circulation 2011; 123:1492–1500.
88. Nishigaki K., Yamazaki T., Kitabatake A. et al. Japanese Stable Angina Pectoris Study Investigators. Percutaneous coronary intervention plus medical therapy reduces the incidence of acute coronary syndrome more effectively than initial medical therapy only among patients with low–risk coronary artery disease a randomized, comparative, multicenter study // JACC Cardiovasc. Interv. 2008; 1: 469–479.
89. Madsen JK, Nielsen TT, Grande P, et al. Revascularization compared to medical treatment in patients with silent vs. symptomatic residual ischemia after thrombolyzed myocardial infarction–the DANAMI study. Cardiology 2007;108:243-251
90. Erne P, Schoenenberger AW, Burckhardt D, et al. Effects of percutaneous coronary interventions in silent ischemia after myocardial infarction: the SWISSI II randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007;297:1985-1991.
91. Patel MR, Dehmer GJ, Hirshfeld JW, et al. ACCF/SCAI/STS/AATS/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/SCCT 2012 Appropriate Use Criteria for Coronary Revascularization Focused Update. JACC published online Jan 30, 2012; doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.12.001
92. Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58:2550–83.
93. Patel MR, Dehmer GJ, Hirshfeld JW et al. ACCF/SCAI/STS/AATS/AHA/ASNC 2009 Appropriateness Criteria for Coronary Revascularization. JACC 2009; 53: 530-553
94. Hannan E.L., Cozzens K., Samadashvili Z. et al. Appropriateness of coronary revascularization for patients without acute coronary syndromes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.; 2012: 1870–1876.
95. Бокерия Л.А., Алекян Б.Г. Рентгенэндоваскулярная диагностика и лечение заболеваний сердца и сосудов в Российской Федерации – 2011 год.– М.: Издательство НЦССХ им. А.Н. Бакулева РАМН, 2012.
96. Буза В.В., Карпов Ю.А. Чрескожные коронарные вмешательства у больных стабильной ИБС – 2012. РМЖ 2012; 25:1270-74
97. Ford ES, Ajani UA, Croft JB, et al. Explaining the decrease in U.S. deaths from coronary disease, 1980–2000. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2388–98.
Для цитирования:
Кулешова Э.В., Панов А.В. Лечение и вторичная профилактика после инфаркта миокарда. Медицинский Совет. 2013;(9):39-43. https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2013-9-39-43
For citation:
Kuleshova E.V., Panov A.V. Treatment and secondary prevention of myocardial infarction. Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2013;(9):39-43. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2013-9-39-43
Просмотров: 117
Послать статью по эл. почте 