Clinical manifestations of nervous system impairments in diabetes mellitus
https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2018-9-104-111
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the frequent diseases. The article describes diabetic neuropathy as the actual problem of modern neurology. It also provides the classification of central and peripheral nervous system impairments in diabetes mellitus and detailed description of such diseases as distal symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy, diabetic encephalopathy, acute neuropsychic disorders, cerebrovascular diseases and features of cognitive impairment in diabetes mellitus. Great attention is paid to the tactics of managing patients with above forms. The role of alpha-lipoic acid products in the treatment of diabetic impairments of the nervous system is thoroughly considered.
About the Author
N. V. PizovaRussian Federation
References
1. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, et al. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care, 2004 May, 27(5): 1047-53.
2. Dedov II, Shestakova MV, Vikulova OK. State Register of Diabetics in the Russian Federation: 2014 status and Development Prospects. Sakharny Diabet, 2015, 18 (3): 5-22.
3. Martyn C, Hughes R. Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 1997, 62(4): 310-18.
4. Dyck P, Thomas P. Diabetic Neuropathy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, Co., 1999.
5. Pirart J. Diabetes mellitus and its degenerative complications: A prospective study of 4,400 patients observed between 1947 and 1973. Diabetes Care, 1978, 1(3): 252-63.
6. McNeely M, Boyko E, Ahroni J et al. The independent contributions of diabetic neuropathy and vasculopathy in foot ulceration. How great are the risks? Diabetes Care, 1995, 18(2): 216-9.
7. Dyck PJ, Kratz KM, Karnes JL et al. The prevalence by staged severity of various types of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy in a population-based cohort: The Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study. Neurology, 1993, 43(4): 817-24.
8. Feldman EL, Russell JW, Sullivan KA, Golovoy D. New insights into the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Curr Opin Neurol, 1999, 12(5): 553-63.
9. Yakhno NN, Kukushkin ML, Davydov OS, et al. The Russian epidemiological study of the prevalence of neuropathic pain, its causes and characteristics in the outpatient population who have consulted a neurologist (EPIC Study). Bol, 2008, 3: 24-32.
10. Sorensen L, Molyneaux L, Yue DK. Insensate versus painful diabetic neuropathy: the effects of height, gender, ethnicity and glycaemic control. Diabet Res Clin Pract, 2002, 57: 45–51.
11. Ziegler D, Gries FA, Spuler M, Lessmann F. The epidemiology of diabetic neuropathy: DiaCAN Multicenter Study Group. Diabet Med, 1993, 10: 82–6.
12. Daousi C, MacFarlane IA, Woodward A et al. Chronic painful peripheral neuropathy in an urban community: a controlled comparison of people with and without diabetes. Diabet Med, 2004, 21: 976-982.
13. Malik RA. Can diabetic neuropathy be prevented by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors? Ann Med, 2000, 32(1): 1-5.
14. Benbow SJ, MacFarlane IA. Painful diabetic neuropathy. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1999, 13(2): 295-308.
15. Potter P, Maryniak O, Yaworski R, Jones I. Incidence of peripheral neuropathy in the contralateral limb of persons with unilateral amputation due to diabetes. J Rehabil Res Dev, 1998, 35(3): 335-9.
16. Russell JW, Zilliox LA. Diabetic neuropathies. Continuum (Minneap Minn), 2014, 20(5 Peripheral Nervous System Disorders): 1226-40.
17. Bansal V, Kalita J, Misra UK. Diabetic neuropathy. Postgrad Med J, 2006, 82: 95-100.
18. Dyck P, Giannini C. Pathologic alterations in the diabetic neuropathies of humans: a review. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 1996, 55(12): 1181-93.
19. Thomas P, Tomlinson D. Diabetic and hypoglycemic neuropathy. Dyck P, Thomas P, eds. Peripheral Neuropathy. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1993: 1219-50.
20. Tesfaye S, Stevens L, Stephenson J et al. Prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and its relation to glycaemic control and potential risk factors: The EURODIAB IDDM complications study. Diabetologia, 1996, 39(11): 1377-1384.
21. Ropper AH, Samuels MA (eds). Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology, ed 9. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2009, chapter 46.
22. Poncelet A. An algorithm for the evaluation of peripheral neuropathy. American Family Physician, 1998, 57(4): 755-64.
23. American Diabetes Association, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International, National Institute of Diabetes and Kidney Disease, American Heart Association. Diabetes mellitus: a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 1999, 100: 1132-1133.
24. Dedov II, Aleksandrov AA. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: the role of hypersympathicotonia and the possibility of its correction. The quality of life. Medicine. 2003: 16-21.
25. Всемирное руководство по сахарному диабету 2 типа. Укр. мед. вісник, 2006, 3: 5-10./ Worldwide guidelines for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ukr. med. visnyk, 2006, 3: 5-10
26. Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Study. JAMA, 1979, 241: 2035-2038.
27. Evans JM, Wang J, Morris AD. Comparison of cardiovascular risk between patients with type 2 diabetes and those who had a myocardial infarction: cross sectional and cohort studies. BMJ, 2002, 324: 939-942.
28. Howard BV, Rodrigues BL, Bennett PH et al. Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: Writing Group I: epidemiology. Circulation, 2002, 105: 132-137.
29. Dedov II. Diabetes mellitus in the Russian Federation: problems and solutions. Sakharny Diabet, 1998, 1: 7-18.
30. Tokmakova AYu., Staroverova DN. Modern methods of early diagnosis of diabetic macroangiopathy. Probl. endocrinol. 2005, 51 (3): 39-40.
31. Chazova TE, Kathuria YuB. Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases: risk factors, clinical features, diagnostics. Med. pomoshch, 2001, 5: 28-32.
32. Arutyunov GL. Diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis: what is the optimal strategy for suppressing the atherosclerotic process? Serdtse, 2004, 3 (1): 36-38.
33. Davydov AL, Baranova LYu. Features of histo- and ultrastructural organization of the myocardium and vessel wall in patients with type 2 diabetes. Probl. Endocrinol, 2005, 51 (3): 38.
34. Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В. Сахарный диабет. М., 2003: 220-222. /Dedov II, Shestakova MV. Diabetes. M., 2003: 220-222.
35. Watkins PJ, Thomas PK. Diabetes mellitus and the nervous system. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr, 1998, 65: 620-633.
36. Mankovsky BN. Diabetes mellitus and cerebrovascular diseases. Novosti Mediciny i Farmacii, 2007, 216: 21-23.
37. Balabolkin MI. Diabetology. Moscow: Medicine, 2000, 672 p.
38. Efimov A, Zueva N, Skrobonskaya N. Diabetic angiopathies: etiology and pathogenesis. Liki Ukrainy. 2004, leaf fall, 36-38
39. Miles WR, Root HF. Arch Int Med, 1922, 30: 767770.
40. Kodl CT, Seaquist ER. Cognitive dysfunction and diabetes mellitus. Endocr Rev, 2008, 29(4): 494-511.
41. Gonder-Frederick LA, Zrebiec JF, Bauchowitz AU, Ritterband LM, Magee JC, Cox DJ et al. Cognitive function isdisrupted by both hypo- and hyperglycemia in schoolaged children with type 1 diabetes: a field study. Diabetes Сare, 2009, 32(6): 1101–6.
42. Xiao-jun Cai, Hui-qin Xu, Yi Lu. C-peptide and Diabetic Encephalopathy. Chin Med Sci J, 2011, 26(2): 119–25.
43. Chuyko MR, Bodykhov MK, Skvortsova VI. Characteristics and features of the encephalopathy in insulindependent diabetes mellitus. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii Im. S.S. Korsakova, 2010, 5: 4-8.
44. Patino-Fernandez AM, Delamater AM, Applegate EB et al. Neurocognitive functioning in preschool-age children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatric Diabetes, 2010, 11(6): 424–30.
45. Biessels GJ, Luchsinger JA. Pathobiology of diabetic encephalopathy in animal models. Diabetes and the brain contemporary diabetes. N.Y.: Springer, LLC, 2010: 409–31.
46. Brands AMA, Biessels GJ, De Haan EHF, Kappelle LJ, Kessels RPC. The effects of type 1 diabetes on cognitive performance: a metaanalysis. Diabetes Care, 2005, 28: 726–35.
47. Perantie DC, Koller JM, Weaver PM, Lugar HM, Black KJ, White NH et al. Prospectively determined impact of type 1 diabetes on brain volume during development. Diabetes, 2011, 60 (11): 3006–14.
48. Brands AM, Biessels GJ, Kappelle LJ, de Haan EH, de Valk HW, Algra A et al. Cognitive functioning and brain MRI in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a comparative study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2007, 23 (5): 343–50.
49. Ho MS, Weller NJ, Ives FJ et al. Prevalence of structural central nervous system abnormalities in early-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr, 2008, 153: 385–90.
50. Strachan MWJ, Reynolds RM, Frier BM et al. The relationship between type 2 diabetes and dementia. Br Med Bui, 2008, 88: 131-146.
51. Fontbonne A, Berr С, Ducimetiere P, Alperovitch A. Changes in cognitive abilities over a 4-yearperiod are unfavorably affected in elderly diabetic subjects: results of the Epidemiology of Vascular Aging Study. Diabet Care 2001, 24: 366-370.
52. Messier C. Impact of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes on cognitive aging. Neurobiol Aging, 2005, 26(Suppl. 1): 26-30.
53. Mijnhout GS, Scheltens P, Diamant M, et al. Diabetic encephalopathy: A concept in need of a definition. Diabetologia, 2006, 49: 14471448.
54. Biessels GJ, Staekenborg S, Brunner E et al. Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol, 2006, 5(1): 64-74.
55. Ott A, Stolk RP, Hofman A, et al. Association of diabetes mellitus and dementia: the Rotterdam Study. Diabetologia, 1996, 39: 1392-1397.
56. Yoshitake Т, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, et al. Incidence and risk factors of vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in a defined elderly Japanese population: the Hisayama Study. Neurology, 1995, 45: 1161-1168.
57. Strokov IA, Morgoyeva FE, Strokov KI et al. Therapeutic correction of diabetic polyneuropathy and encephalopathy with Actovegin. RMJ, 2006, 9: 698-703.
58. Chugunov PA, Semenova IV. Diabetes mellitus and cognitive impairment. Sakharny Diabet, 2008, 1 (38): 61-68.
59. Reaven G, Thompson L, Nahum D, Haskins E. Relationship between hyperglycemia and cognitive function in older NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care, 1990, 13: 16–21.
60. Nielson KA, Nolan JH, Berchtold NC, Sandman CA, Mulnard RA, Cotman CW. Apolipoprotein-E genotyping of diabetic dementia patients: is diabetes rare in Alzheimer’s disease? J Am Geriatr Soc, 1996, 44: 897–904.
61. Sima AA, Kamiya H, Li ZG. Insulin, C-peptide, hyperglycemia, and central nervous system complications in diabetes. Eur J Pharmacol, 2004, 490: 187–197.
62. Beckman JA, Creager MA, Libby P. Diabetes and atherosclerosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. JAMA, 2002, 287: 2570–2581.
63. Ефимов А.С. Диабетические ангиопатии. М.: Медицина, 1989. 288 с./ Efimov AS. Diabetic angiopathies. M.: Medicine. 1989. 288 p.
64. Wredling R, Levander S, Adamson U. Permanent neuropsychological impairment after recurrent episodes of severe hypoglicaemia in men. Diabetologia, 1990, 33: 152–157.
65. American Diabetes Association: Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2011. Diabetes Care, 2011, 34(suppl 1): S11-S61.
66. Hartemann A, Attal N, Bouhassira D, Dumont I, Gin H, Jeanne S, Said G, Richard JL, Working Group on the Diabetic Foot from the Frenchspeaking Society of Diabetology: Painful diabetic neuropathy: diagnosis and management. Diabetes Metab, 2011, 37: 377-388.
67. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulindependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med, 1993, 1993(329): 977-86.
68. Group UP. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ, 1998: 703-13.
69. International Diabetes Federation. Clinical Practice Recommendation on the Diabetic Foot: A guide for health care professionals : International Diabetes Federation, 2017.
70. Pfeifer MA, Schumer MP. Clinical trials of diabetic neuropathy: past, present, and future. Diabetes, 1995 Dec, 44(12): 1355-61.
71. Oates PJ, Klioze SS & the Zopolrestat Diabetic Neuropathy Study Group. Chronic treatment with aldose reductase inhibitor zopolrestat suppressed sorbitol, but not fructose, in sural nerves of patients with diabetic neuropathy. Diabetologia, 2007, 50(Suppl.1): S62(0136).
72. Kotov SV, Kalinin AP, Rudakova IG. Diabetic neuropathy. M.: Publishing house Medical Information Agency LLC, 2011, 440 p.
73. Tanenberg R, Schummer M, Green D, Pfeifer M. The Diabetic Foot, 6th ed. Mosby, 2001: 33-64.
74. Vinik AI, Park TS, Stansberry KB, Pittenger GL. Diabetic neuropathies. Diabetologia, 2000, 43(8): 957-73.
75. Malik RA, Williamson S, Abbott C, Carrington AL, Iqbal J, Schady W, Boulton AJ. Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor trandolapril on human diabetic neuropathy: randomised double-blind controlled trial. The Lancet, 1998 Dec 26, 352(9145): 1978-81.
76. Brownlee M, Cerami A, Vlassara H. Advanced glycosylation end products in tissue and the biochemical basis of diabetic complications. New England Journal of Medicine, 1988, 318(20): 1315-21.
77. Cameron NE, Cotter MA, Dines K, Love A. Effects of aminoguanidine on peripheral nerve function and polyol pathway metabolites in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Diabetologia, 1992, 35(10): 946-50.
78. Apfel SC, Arezzo JC, Brownlee M, Federoff H, Kessler JA. Nerve growth factor administration protects against experimental diabetic sensory neuropathy. Brain research, 1994, 634(1): 7-12.
79. Seckel BR. Enhancement of peripheral nerve regeneration. Muscle & nerve, 1990, 13(9): 785-800.
80. Бустаманте Д., Лодж Д., Маркоччи Л., Тришлер Г. Метаболизм а-липоевой кислоты в печени при различных формах патологии. Междун. мед. журн., 2001, 2: 133–142.
81. Rochette L, Ghibu S, Richard C, Zeller M, et al. Direct and indirect antioxidant properties of α-lipoic acid and therapeutic potential. Mol Nutr Food Res, 2013, 57(1): 114-125.A
82. Stevens MJ, Obrosova I, Cao X, Van Huysen C, Greene DA. Effects of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on peripheral nerve conduction, blood flow, energy metabolism, and oxidative stress in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes, 2000, 49(6): 1006–1015.
83. van Dam PS, van Asbeck BS, Van Oirschot JF, Biessels GJ, Hamers FP, Marx JJ. Glutathione and alpha-lipoate in diabetic rats: nerve function, blood flow and oxidative state. Eur J Clin Invest, 2001, 31(5): 417–424.
84. Ford I, Cotter MA, Cameron NE, Greaves M. The effects of treatment with alpha-lipoic acid or evening primrose oil on vascular hemostatic and lipid risk factors, blood flow, and peripheral nerve conduction in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. Metabolism, 2001, 50(8): 868–875.
85. Sun L, Chen Y, Wang X et al. The protective effect of alpha lipoic acid on Schwann cells exposed to constant or intermittent high glucose. Biochem Pharmacol, 2012, 84(7): 961-973.
86. Heitzer T, Finckh B, Albers S. Benefficial effects of alpha-lipoic acid and ascorbic acid on endothelium-dependent, nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in diabetic patients: relation to parameters of oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med, 2001, 31: 53-61.
87. Reljanovic M, Reichel G, Rett K et al. Treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant thioctic acid (alpha-lipoic acid): a two year multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (ALADIN II). Alpha Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Neuropathy. Free Radic Res, 1999, 31(3): 171–9.
88. Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau RJ et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alphalipoic acid: a 7-month multicenter randomized controlled trial (ALADIN III Study). ALADIN III Study Group. Alpha-Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Neuropathy. Diabetes Care, 1999, 22(8): 1296–301.
89. Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau KJ, et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy with the antioxidant α-lipoic acid. A 3-week multicentre randomized controlled trial (ALA-DIN Study). Diabetologia, 1995, 38: 1425–33.
90. Ametov A, Barinov A, O’brien P, Dyck PJ, Herman R, Litchy WJ et al, the SYDNEY Trial Study Group. The sensory symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy are improved with alpha-lipoic acid: The SYDNEY Trial. Diabetes Care, 2003, 26: 770-776.
91. Monograph a-lipoic acid. Alternative Med Rev, 1998, 3/4: 308–10.
92. Kagan VE, Shvedova A, Serbinova E et al. Biochem. Pharmacol, 1992, 44: 1637–49.
93. Bridges RJ, Koh JY, Hatakski CG, Cotman CW. Increased excitotoxic vulnerability of cortical cultures with reduced levels of glutathione. Eur J Pharmacol, 1991, 192: 199–200.
94. Busse E, Zimmer G, Schopohl B, Kornhuber B. Influence of alpha-lipoic acid on intracellular glutathione in vitro and in vivo. Arzneimittelforsch, 1992, 42: 829–31.
95. Han D, Trischler HJ, Packer L. Alpha-lipoic acid increases intracellular glutathione in a human T-lymphocyte jurkat cell line. Biochem Biophys Res, 1995, 207: 258–64.
96. Burchinsky SG. The strategy of antioxidant neuroprotection: new opportunities. Zdorovie Ukrainy, 2008, 19.
97. Cao X, Phillis JW. The free radical scavenger, alpha-lipoic acid, protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in gerbils. Free Radical Research, 1995, 23(4): 365-370.
98. Stakhovskaya LV, Shekhovtsova KV, Kerbikov ОB. Antioxidant therapy in the early recovery period of ischemic stroke (POBEDA study). Consilium Medicum. Prilozhenie Nevrologiya, 2009, 1: 27-31.
99. Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dyck PJ, et al. Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care, 2010, 33(10): 2285-2293.
100. Tesfaye S, Vileikyte L, Rayman G et al. Painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: consensus recommendations on diagnosis, assessment and management. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2011, 27: 629-638.
101. Bril V, England J, Franklin GM et al. Evidencebased guideline: treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Report of American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the AmericanAcademy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Neurology, 2011, 76: 1758-1765.
102. Levin OS. Diabetic polyneuropathy: modern approaches to diagnosis and pathogenetic therapy. Klinitsist, 2013, 2: 54-62.
Review
For citations:
Pizova NV. Clinical manifestations of nervous system impairments in diabetes mellitus. Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2018;(9):104-111. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2018-9-104-111