Питание ребенка как фактор, регулирующий взаимодействие оси «микробиота – кишечник – мозг»

Микробиом кишечника играет центральную роль в развивающемся организме, являясь основополагающей частью двунаправленных функциональных осей. Существует перекрестное взаимодействие между составом микробиома кишечника и развитием иммунной системы, метаболизмом, нейрогенезом, целостностью желудочно-кишечного тракта и многими другими процессами. Активно обсуждаются механизмы, посредством которых осуществляется данное влияние. Было обнаружено, что микробиота кишечника взаимодействует с мозгом через ось «микробиота – кишечник – мозг», регулируя различные физиологические процессы. Считается, что микробиота кишечника регулирует развитие нервной системы по 3 направлениям: иммунный путь, нейронный путь и эндокринно-системный путь, которые пересекаются и взаимодействуют друг с другом. Кишечный микробиом – динамически видоизменяющаяся система, паттерн развития которой имеет определенные закономерности. В период внутриутробного развития формирование микробиома происходит параллельно со сложным, генетически детерминированным процессом нейронтогенеза. Новые исследования подтверждают активное влияние микробиома кишечника и его метаболитов на нервно-психическое развитие детей. Однако гомеостаз в системе «микробиота – кишечник – мозг» может быть нарушен, что повышает риск развития нейропсихических расстройств, включая расстройства аутистического спектра, синдром дефицита внимания и гиперактивности. На разнообразие и численность бактериальной колонизации оказывают влияние ряд факторов, в том числе питание младенца. Справедливо большое внимание уделяется роли конкретных питательных веществ в развитии нервной системы детей раннего возраста. Своевременная дотация критически важных компонентов пищи является основанием для разработки подходов, обеспечивающих профилактику целого ряда заболеваний нервной системы. Учитывая тот факт, что показатели грудного вскармливания все еще остаются ниже желаемых значений, необходимо уделить особое внимание компонентам искусственных смесей, влияющих на здоровье младенцев.

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