Synthesis of melatonin and evaluation of its participation in the functioning of the female reproductive system

Introduction. A woman’s reproductive system is embedded in a complex structure of neuro-endocrine and metabolic relationships. Melatonin is considered one of the key factors of paracrine regulation, participates in the regulation of basal metabolism and reproduction through selective interaction with natural ligands, membrane and cellular receptors.

Аim. To summarize modern scientifically proven information about the effect of melatonin on the body and the female reproductive system.

Materials and methods. The following databases were used to prepare the review: PubMed, Medline, eLIBRARY.RU, cyberleninka.ru, as well as the websites of Springer and Elsevier publishers.

Results. During the day, the body produces about 30 micrograms of melatonin, of which 80% is synthesized at night. It was found that there is a system of clock genes (Period and Timeless) and proteins encoded by them, depending on the duration of the light and dark period of the day, determining chronobiological changes in the entire organism. The main synthesis of melatonin does not have photoperiodicity and is constantly carried out in all peripheral tissues of the body. Melatonin has many isoforms, which ensures the selectivity of its interaction with natural ligands, differences in the regulation of receptor expression, both in individual tissues and in the process of development and aging of the body.

Currently known genes determining the pathways of melatonin synthesis are AA-NAT (arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase), DDC (AADC), ASMT, MTNR1A, MTNR1 (MT receptors 1A and 1B) and GPR50 (G protein-coupled receptor 50) encoding both synthesizing enzymes and the three main melatonin receptors. Genetic mutations of melatonin synthesis lead to a decrease in its level and activate the enzyme 5-hydroxytryptophanhydroxylase, which results in a decrease in the synthesis of serotonin and dopamine. The ratio and number of neurotransmitters determine the neuropsychic state of a person and affect all axes regulating metabolism and reproduction.

Conclusion. In the reproductive system, melatonin is involved in the development and aging of the reproductive system, the pathogenesis of endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, infertility, folliculogenesis, fertilization, implantation, gestational diabetes mellitus, obesity, the development of premenstrual and menopausal syndrome.

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