The article provides latest information on the natural macrolide antibiotic josamycin, results of local and foreign trials of sensitivity and resistance of various kinds of pathogens to josamycin, evidence and success of using the antibiotic drug in the treatment of acute respiratory infections in children.

Various throat pain symptoms as a separate complaint or in combination with fever, cough or rhinitis, is a common cause of urgent visits to outpatient pediatricians. Pharynx diseases account for 40% of all ENT pathologies in children and 20-30% in adults [1, 2].

We found that chronic tonsillitis in children is most prevalent at the age of 12-14 years. We have studied and analyzed gender-specific prevalence of chronic tonsillitis in children over the last decade and identified the common pattern: the disease incidence is higher in girls which is possibly due to the impact of female hormones. It was also found that the incidence of hypertrophy of the tonsils and adenoids is highest at the age of 6.

The article is an update on the broncho-obstructive syndrome in children, its etiology and pathogenetic mechanisms. The most common causes of bronchial obstruction are characterized - acute bronchiolitis (obstructive bronchitis) and asthma; the effect of evidence-based therapeutic interventions in these diseases is described. Differential diagnostic criteria for asthma and other obstructive airway diseases are provided. Therapeutic options for combined use of fenoterol and ipratropium bromide and benefits of nebulizer therapy in bronchial asthma are described.

Rhinosinusitis in children is one of the most pressing subjects in the modern clinical healthcare. This is due to the fact that rhinosinusitis is a widespread condition that affects more than 14% of adults and children [1, 2]. The article tells about the major predisposing factors and immediate causes of acute rhinosinusitis. The focus is on the anatomy and physiology of paranasal sinuses. The essentials of pathogenetic approaches to treatment and basic principles of rational use of antibiotics for acute rhinosinusitis in children are demonstrated.

The main source of adequate nutrition of infant is mother's milk. Many problems and questions arise in realtion to breastfeeding, especially with the birth of the first child. The goal of neonatologists and pediatricians is to psychologically prepare nursing mothers to resolve such issues by providing possible solutions. Maintaining and increasing the period of breastfeeding is one of the fundamental functions of healthcare experts.

From the beginning of the school year and throughout the whole process of intensive training and visits to preschools, child's body experiences stress and lack of vitamins compounded by the implications of autumn, winter and spring seasons. During these periods children are especially in need of a balanced consumption of essential trace elements and vitamins necessary for the development of the growing organism and normalization of the brain function. Hypovitaminosis contributes to detraction and decreased physical activity which lead to low learning outcomes and misconduct.

In acute viral diarrhea 80% of children are in deficit of interferons suggesting a failure of antiviral immunity. As a result, the disease may be characterized by long-term persistence and abjection of causative agents, chronicization of the infection and finally delay of recovery. A clinical observation was carried showing that the use of Kagocel® in the complex therapy of children with viral gastrointestinal lesions promotes faster recovery of the quality of life and patient recovery: the duration of fever and intoxication symptoms are significantly reduced, diarrheal syndrome is managed much earlier, the function of the villous epithelium of the small intestine is restored 1.5 times faster, and repeated detection of the causative agent is 3 times lower. The use of Kagocel® can significantly reduce financial costs for the treatment of viral diarrhea in children in an outpatient setting.

Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) represent one of the most common problems in newborns. These conditions have a common distinctive feature: clinical symptoms are manifested in the absence of any organic changes in the GIT (structural abnormalities, inflammatory changes, infections or tumors) or metabolic disorders.

The article reviews outcomes of progression and severity of cerebral palsy (CP) in premature infants in the first three years of life over 15 years of work of the specialized Correction Center for Premature Infants. It was found that over the past years there has been a tendency towards lower incidence of cerebral palsy in children born after 28th week, mainly due to decreased incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage stage 3-4. The trend was not observed among children born before 28th week. However, among those with extremely low birth weight there is a group of infants with severe form of CP without perinatal organic lesions of the central nervous system. The Center for Rehabilitation Efficacy shares data on how to reduce the severity of motor defects.

More than half of newly diagnosed malignancies in children are stage III or IV which significantly reduces chances of recovery and results in disability or death. We have tried to specify the symptoms for early detection of cancer in childhood, examined and analyzed age-dependent, primary non-specific manifestations of tumors in children and adolescents. We tell about the duration of the symptomatic disease until the correct diagnosis is made. We focused on the fact that long-term persistence of some infectious agents could initialize tumor growth.

Infant's skin is very sensitive and susceptible to irritants and allergens. Combined with precipitating factors, genetic predisposition plays the key role. Chronic skin inflammation, or atopic dermatitis, is one of the most common pathologies which hinders and limits every day life of the baby and its parents. In the therapy of atopic dermatitis the focus should be on timely and adequate skin care aimed at reducing irritation, preserving the integrity of the child's skin and preventing complications, thereby improving the quality of life.

Acute respiratory infections (ARVI) including flu are the most widespread pathologies in the structure of children's infectious diseases [1]. The article tells about the main causative agents of ARVI in children, the clinical patterns of ARVI and flu, the role of immunomodulators in the treatment of ARVI.

Allergic rhinitis is a widespread chronic pathology of the upper respiratory tract in children and adults. In a number of countries, more than 50% of the population have clinical manifestations of allergic rhinitis. [1] According to Russian authors, the prevalence of allergic rhinitis in Russia in different regions varies between 10-40% of the pediatric population [2]. Moreover, according to the latest projections, if the trend for annual growth of allergic rhinitis in Europe persists, one child who does not have allergic rhinitis will account for 3 children with allergic rhinitis. [3]

The article tells about the problem of acute respiratory infections in preschool children. Pharmacoeconomic efficacy of ribosomal immunomodulatory therapy for the prevention of acute respiratory infections is evaluated. The study found that ribosomal therapy with Ribomunyl has financial benefits and allows to dwindle almost by half the cost of treatment of acute respiratory infections within 2 years after treatment.

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is the most common form of interstitial lung disease in childhood. The article discusses the etiology, diagnosis, clinical course of the disease in children. There is data from own follow-up of 186 children who were diagnosed with hypersensitivity pneumonitis.