Intestinal endometriosis: Current aspects of pathogenesis, clinical picture, and differential diagnosis (a review of foreign literature)

Endometriosis is a pathological process characterized by the presence of tissue outside the uterine cavity that has morphological and functional properties similar to the endometrium. Endometriosis affects 10% (190 million) of women of reproductive age worldwide. Intestinal endometriosis is a pathological condition characterized by infiltration of the intestine with ectopic endometrial tissue. The prevalence of intestinal endometriosis ranges from 3% to 37% of all women with endometriosis. A search of PubMed for references on various aspects of intestinal endometriosis research published before January 15, 2026, was conducted. The pathogenesis of endometriosis is multifactorial, with hormonal, immune, and microbiome components. In recent years, the role of intestinal microbiota and immune dysregulation in the development of endometriosis has been widely discussed. A new area of research is the study of the role of periodontal pathology. In the clinical picture of endometriosis, gastrointestinal symptoms are often present alongside typical gynecological symptoms. Abdominal pain and bowel disturbances in women of reproductive age suggest a wide range of differential diagnoses, including irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and a number of other conditions. Intestinal endometriosis can pose a diagnostic challenge for the physician. Difficulties in differential diagnosis may be associated with irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and intestinal cancers. The presence of gastrointestinal symptoms in genital and intestinal endometriosis can complicate their diagnosis over time. When conducting a differential diagnosis of intestinal diseases, the possible presence of intestinal endometriosis must also be considered.

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