Preview

Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council

Advanced search

NUTRITIONAL RICKETS – REVISITED

https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2016-16-27-31

Abstract

Nutritional rickets is a bone disease in early childhood resulting in bone pain, delayed motor development, and bending of the bones, caused by vitamin D deficiency and/or inadequate dietary calcium intake. The consequences of nutritional rickets include stunted growth, developmental delay, lifelong bone deformities, seizures, cardiomyopathy, and even death.

Dark skin pigmentation, sun avoidance, covering the  skin, prolonged breast feeding  without vitamin D supplementation, insufficient calcium supply, are important risk factors for nutritional rickets. The disease is most commonly seen in children from the  Middle East, Africa, and South Asia in high-income countries. European Vitamin D Association (EVIDAS)  recommends screening all children from the risk groups (dark skin ethnic groups) for nutritional rickets. Nutritional rickets is entirely preventable when regular vitamin D supplementation and adequate  dietary calcium intake are implemented. Vitamin D supplementation of all neonates and infants with a use of 400 IU/d during the first year of life and with at least 600 IU/d of vitamin D and 500mg/d  of calcium thereafter will effectively prevent nutritional rickets.

EVIDAS call on national health authorities to implement vitamin D deficiency prevention programs as addition to vaccination programs.

About the Authors

P. Pludowski
The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw; European Vitamin D Association (EVIDAS)
Russian Federation
Pawel Pludowski - DSc, Department of Biochemistry, radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine


I. N. Zakharova
Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow
Russian Federation
MD, Prof.


References

1. Munns CF, Shaw N, Kiely M, et al. Global Consensus Recommendations on Prevention and Management of Nutritional Rickets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2016, 101: 394-415.

2. Munns CF, Shaw N, Kiely M, et al. Global Consensus Recommendations on Prevention and Management of Nutritional Rickets. Horm Res Paediatr, 2016, 85: 83-106.

3. Munns CF, Simm PJ, Rodda CP, et al. Incidence of vitamin D deficiency rickets among Australian children: an Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit study. Med J Aust, 2012, 196: 466-8.

4. Robinson PD, Hogler W, Craig ME, et al. The re-emerging burden of rickets: a decade of experience from Sydney. Arch Dis Child, 2006, 91: 564-8.

5. Thacher TD, Fischer PR, Tebben PJ, et al. Increasing incidence of nutritional rickets: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc, 2013, 88: 176-83.

6. Modgil G, Williams B, Oakley G, Burren CP. High prevalence of Somali population in children presenting with vitamin D deficiency in the UK. Arch Dis Child, 2010, 95: 568-9.

7. Ward LM, Gaboury I, Ladhani M, Zlotkin S. Vitamin D-deficiency rickets among children in Canada. CMAJ, 2007, 177: 161-6.

8. Callaghan AL, Moy RJ, Booth IW, Debelle G, Shaw NJ. Incidence of symptomatic vitamin D deficiency. Arch Dis Child, 2006, 91: 606-7.

9. Ashraf S, Mughal MZ. The prevalence of rickets among non-Caucasian children. Arch Dis Child, 2002, 87: 263-4.

10. Goldacre M, Hall N, Yeates DG. Hospitalisation for children with rickets in England: a historical perspective. Lancet, 2014, 383: 597-8.

11. Basatemur E, Sutcliffe A. Incidence of hypocalcemic seizures due to vitamin D deficiency in children in the United Kingdom and Ireland. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2015, 100: E91-5.

12. Beck-Nielsen SS, Brock-Jacobsen B, Gram J, Brixen K, Jensen TK. Incidence and prevalence of nutritional and hereditary rickets in southern Denmark. Eur J Endocrinol, 2009, 160: 491-7.

13. Beck-Nielsen SS, Jensen TK, Gram J, Brixen K, Brock-Jacobsen B. Nutritional rickets in Denmark: a retrospective review of children’s medical records from 1985 to 2005. Eur J Pediatr, 2009, 168: 941-9.

14. Bonet Alcaina M, Lopez Segura N, Besora Anglerill R, Herrero Perez S, Esteban Torne E, Seidel Padilla V. [Rickets in Asian immigrants during puberty]. An Esp Pediatr, 2002, 57: 264-7.

15. Ginat-Israeli T, Dranitzki Z, Straus U. Nutritional rickets in infants immigrating to Israel from Ethiopia. Isr Med Assoc J, 2003, 5: 291-2.

16. Bassil D, Rahme M, Hoteit M, Fuleihan Gel H. Hypovitaminosis D in the Middle East and North Africa: Prevalence, risk factors and impact on outcomes. Dermatoendocrinology, 2013, 5: 274-98.

17. Banajeh SM. Nutritional rickets and vitamin D deficiency--association with the outcomes of childhood very severe pneumonia: a prospective cohort study. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2009, 44: 1207-15.

18. Najada AS, Habashneh MS, Khader M. The frequency of nutritional rickets among hospitalized infants and its relation to respiratory diseases. J Trop Pediatr, 2004, 50: 364-8.

19. Bener A, Hoffmann GF. Nutritional Rickets among Children in a Sun Rich Country. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol, 2010, 2010: 410502.

20. Al-Atawi MS, Al-Alwan IA, Al-Mutair AN, Tamim HM, Al-Jurayyan NA. Epidemiology of nutritional rickets in children. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl, 2009, 20: 260-5.

21. Fida NM. Assessment of nutritional rickets in Western Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J, 2003, 24: 337-40.

22. Beser E, Cakmakci T. Factors affecting the morbidity of vitamin D deficiency rickets and primary protection. East Afr Med J, 1994, 71: 358-62.

23. Thacher TD, Fischer PR, Isichei CO, Zoakah AI, Pettifor JM. Prevention of nutritional rickets in Nigerian children with dietary calcium supplementation. Bone, 2012, 50: 1074-80.

24. Muhe L, Lulseged S, Mason KE, Simoes EA. Case-control study of the role of nutritional rickets in the risk of developing pneumonia in Ethiopian children. Lancet, 1997, 349: 1801-4.

25. Braithwaite V, Jarjou LM, Goldberg GR, Jones H, Pettifor JM, Prentice A. Follow-up study of Gambian children with rickets-like bone deformities and elevated plasma FGF23: possible aetiological factors. Bone, 2012, 50: 218-25.

26. Aggarwal V, Seth A, Aneja S, et al. Role of calcium deficiency in development of nutritional rickets in Indian children: a case control study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012, 97: 3461-6.

27. Craviari T, Pettifor JM, Thacher TD, Meisner C, Arnaud J, Fischer PR. Rickets: an overview and future directions, with special reference to Bangladesh. A summary of the Rickets Convergence Group meeting, Dhaka, 26-27 January 2006. J Health Popul Nutr, 2008, 26: 112-21.

28. Karim F, Chowdhury AM, Gani MS. Rapid assessment of the prevalence of lower limb clinical rickets in Bangladesh. Public Health, 2003, 117: 135-44.

29. Thacher TD, Fischer PR, Strand MA, Pettifor JM. Nutritional rickets around the world: causes and future directions. Ann Trop Paediatr, 2006, 26: 1-16.

30. Priemel M, von Domarus C, Klatte TO, et al. Bone mineralization defects and vitamin D deficiency: histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest bone biopsies and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in 675 patients. J Bone Miner Res, 2010, 25: 305-12.

31. Thacher TD, Fischer PR, Pettifor JM, et al. A comparison of calcium, vitamin D, or both for nutritional rickets in Nigerian children. N Engl J Med, 1999, 341: 563-8.

32. Thacher TD, Fischer PR, Pettifor JM, Lawson JO, Isichei CO, Chan GM. Case-control study of factors associated with nutritional rickets in Nigerian children. J Pediatr, 2000, 137: 367-73.

33. Jones G. Pharmacokinetics of vitamin D toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr, 2008, 88: 582S-6S.

34. Cashman KD, Dowling KG, Skrabakova Z, et al. Standardizing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D data from four Nordic population samples using the Vitamin D Standardization Program protocols: Shedding new light on vitamin D status in Nordic individuals. Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 2015, 75: 549-61.

35. Mughal MZ, Salama H, Greenaway T, Laing I, Mawer EB. Lesson of the week: florid rickets associated with prolonged breast feeding without vitamin D supplementation. BMJ, 1999, 318: 39-40.

36. Eggemoen AR, Knutsen KV, Dalen I, Jenum AK. Vitamin D status in recently arrived immigrants from Africa and Asia: a cross-sectional study from Norway of children, adolescents and adults. BMJ Open, 2013, 3: e003293.

37. Andersen R, Molgaard C, Skovgaard LT, et al. Pakistani immigrant children and adults in Denmark have severely low vitamin D status. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2008, 62: 625-34.

38. Islam MZ, Viljakainen HT, Karkkainen MU, Saarnio E, Laitinen K, Lamberg-Allardt C. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism during winter in premenopausal Bangladeshi and Somali immigrant and ethnic Finnish women: associations with forearm bone mineral density. Br J Nutr, 2012, 107: 277-83.

39. Hogler W. Complications of vitamin D deficiency from the foetus to the infant: One cause, one prevention, but who’s responsibility? Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2015, 29: 385-98.

40. Madar AA, Stene LC, Meyer HE. Vitamin D status among immigrant mothers from Pakistan, Turkey and Somalia and their infants attending child health clinics in Norway. Br J Nutr, 2009, 101: 1052-8.

41. Thacher TD, Fischer PR, Pettifor JM. The usefulness of clinical features to identify active rickets. Ann Trop Paediatr, 2002, 22: 229-37.


Review

For citations:


Pludowski P, Zakharova IN. NUTRITIONAL RICKETS – REVISITED. Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2016;(16):27-31. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2016-16-27-31

Views: 1076


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.


ISSN 2079-701X (Print)
ISSN 2658-5790 (Online)