Возможности и перспективы метода магнитно-резонансной морфометрии в диагностике деменций

Деменция в настоящее время рассматривается в качестве одной из важнейших причин снижения качества бытовой, социальной адаптации пациентов, нарушения их возможностей функционирования в окружающем мире. Она может формироваться при целом спектре заболеваний, основными из которых являются нейродегенеративные процессы, в частности болезнь Альцгеймера. В диагностике когнитивных расстройств, кроме клинического и нейропсихологического, а также лабораторного обследования, существенную роль играют современные методы компьютерной нейровизуализации. Существенное значение при этом придается исследованиям на основе магнитного резонанса, достигшим большого прогресса за последнее время. Изменения, регистрируемые с помощью структурной магнитно-резонансной томографии (МРТ), зачастую «отстают» от регистрируемой клинической симптоматики и определяются на развернутых этапах болезни. Для верификации ранних проявлений нейродегенеративных изменений, наблюдающихся в головном мозге, предложены новые методы МРТ. К ним, в частности, относится магнитно-резонансная (МР)морфометрия. Она позволяет определить абсолютные значения выраженности атрофических изменений, установить их точную топическую локализацию. Ее применение не только улучшает возможности постановки диагноза на додементных стадиях, но также повышает качество дифференциальной диагностики различных патогенетических вариантов наблюдающихся когнитивных нарушений. Кроме того, применение специальных программ постпроцессинговой обработки данных уменьшает вероятность ошибки при интерпретации полученных данных. В настоящее время предложены три варианта оценки результатов МР-морфометрии, основанных на анализе объема отдельных структур головного мозга, толщины серого вещества, а также пространственной формы тех или иных формирований. Комплексное использование этих вариантов способствует наиболее качественному МР-морфометрическому обследованию головного мозга при формировании нейродегенеративного процесса.

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