Falls syndrome in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus: Risk factors, clinical significance, prevention

The number of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to increase steadily, particularly due to the rise in type 2 DM cases. This is associated not only with sedentary lifestyles, unbalanced diets, and the development of visceral obesity but also, significantly, with increased life expectancy, leading to a higher prevalence of DM among the elderly populations. Elderly patients constitute a heterogeneous group with numerous comorbidities and geriatric syndromes (GS), varying in levels of functional activity and cognitive function preservation. Besides a higher prevalence of chronic DM complications, which, alongside comorbidity, leads to polypharmacy, elderly DM patients face an increased risk of hypoglycemic events and the development of sarcopenia and frailty. One GS whose course is complicated by the presence of DM is fall syndrome. Factors increasing the risk of falls in elderly patients include behavioral, environmental, socioeconomic, and biological factors, encompassing both physiological and pathological conditions. Fall syndrome is the most common cause of injury among elderly and advanced-age patients, potentially reducing their quality of life and lifespan. However, this condition receives insufficient attention from both patients and healthcare providers. Consequently, when choosing management strategies for elderly patients, endocrinologists need to conduct a comprehensive geriatric assessment to identify factors increasing fall risk. This review presents the risk factors, diagnostic possibilities, and prevention strategies for falls in elderly patients with DM.

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