The article is devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of anemia in premature babies in the first 3 years of life. The authors tell about the pathogenetic profile and characteristic clinical manifestations of early and late anemia in premature babies. Results of follow-up of 860 children who were born prematurely including those weighing less than 1,500 g are demonstrated. Based on the results, actions to prevent iron deficiency through targeted follow-up of premature babies as an obligatory phase of nursing are suggested.

Skin diseases in children during the first year of life is a relevant topic for both pediatricians and parents. Absence of knowledge on appropriate care coupled with anatomical and physiological characteristics of baby's skin are risk factors for skin diseases in this group of patients [1, 5]. This is demonstrated by the increased incidence of skin diseases in children, which also encourages further study of mechanisms of skin protection from aggressive environmental factors [1, 11, 7]. This awareness helped to define the key priorities in the treatment and prevention of dermatological diseases in pediatrics.

The etiology of respiratory diseases (RD) is represented by viral and bacterial pathogens [1]. Obviously, viral infections cause most of respiratory diseases in children, while antibiotic treatment is at least useless and often considered inefficient due to a multitude of adverse events. Antibiotics may cause allergic reactions, impair biocenosis of the respiratory tract and colonization of its mucous membranes with unwanted, often intestinal, flora. The greatest danger, however, is the development of overall antibiotic resistance of microbial flora which currently is one of the most serious public healthcare problems [2]. At the same time, bacterial infection, in case of late detection and inadequate treatment, poses a greater risk for serious complications and therefore requires reasonable prescription of systemic antibiotic therapy.

The article tells about the main causes of cough in children, differential diagnosis of cough in various bronchopulmonary diseases. The key features of major diseases associated with cough symptoms are described; current approaches to the choice of antitussive therapy in children are considered.

Less than a century of use of antimicrobial drugs in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases has demonstrated the ample potential of strains of various microorganismsto to adapt to the toxic effects of these drugs. Over the past decade, the resistance of infectious agents to antimicrobial drugs widely used in otorhinolaryngology has greatly increased. The incidence of ENT diseases is higher in children than in adults, while viral diseases in children are often complicated by bacterial inflammations, resulting in the search for new methods of causal treatment. A review of the literature demonstrated the validity of phage therapy in the treatment of ENT diseases in children both locally and systemically, as well as in combination with the conventional antibiotic therapy. The benefits of bacteriophages include high specificity for certain microorganisms, good compatibility with other medications, minimal risk of adverse events and absence of allergic reactions.

Impaired microbiocenosis in children is a common and urgent problem which is rather often caused by unreasonable prescription of antibacterial drugs. The article discusses the causes and outcomes of impaired intestinal microflora as a result of antibiotic treatment, methods for the recovery of the colon normobiocenosis. The focus is on probiotics which help to restore the colonic microbiota, stimulate the activity and functioning of own obligate microflora.

Acute intestinal infection (AII) is the 2nd most widespread infectious disease in children after acute respiratory infection, and a relevant healthcare problem. The incidence of infectious diarrhea in Russia varies greatly: for example, in St. Petersburg, the incidence of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children under the age of 14 is more than 700 per 100 thousand of the same age, and the incidence of norovirus gastroenteritis in 2014 reached 110 per 100 thousand children younger than 14 years (Rospotrebnadzor St. Petersburg). In Europe, from 0.5 to 1.9 episodes of infectious diarrhea in children under the age of 3 are registered annually [1, 2].

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are the 2nd most widespread pathology in children today. According to various authors, functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (FDGIT) are found in 65--75% of children depending on the age and are caused by the formation of the motor and secretory functions of the gastrointestinal tract. The clinical pattern is dominated by abdominal pain [1, 2, 3].

Despite significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of acute respiratory infections in children, the incidence of SARS, influenza and pneumonia in the last decade among children has not changed, indicating the urgency of the problem.

Iron deficiency (ID) is a common disorder worldwide, hence physicians of virtually all specialities must know about the disease. Knowledge of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and latent iron deficiency (LID) is especially relevant for practicing pediatrician. The article tell about the national and foreign research on the prevalence of IDA and LID. The most significant factors contributing to the prevalence of ID among different population groups are discussed: sex, age, ecological, physiological, social and economic factors.

Impaired nasal breathing is one of the most frequent causes for seeking otorhinolaryngologist's aid. In childhood, it affects the quality of life and learning, and during infancy - the overall development of the baby and its activities. In children complaining of difficult breathing, ENT specialist may identify either mechanical causes of partial or complete obstruction of the nasal cavity (nasal septum deviation, turbinate hypertrophy, adenoid vegetations, foreign bodies in the nasal cavity or nasopharynx, tumors of the nasal cavity or nasopharynx) or functional causes. The reasons are various diseases leading to swelling of the nasal mucosa and increased secretion. [1]

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are leading among children's infectious diseases; they may be caused by different viruses belonging to at least 6 families (Orthomyxo-, Paramyxo-, Picorna-, Adeno-, Corona-, Herpes-viridae), while the flu virus is not the dominating one, causing disease only during the epidemic outbreak of influenza. [1] The bacterial flora (S.Pneumonia, H. influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumonia, Klebsiella pneumoniae, etc.) participates in the process as well, both alone and in combination with viruses.

Allergic diseases constitute a major medical and social problem of our time, since over the past two decades, the frequency of allergic diseases has increased significantly, especially in economically developed countries and countries with environmental problems. According to the forecasts of some researchers, XXI century will be the century of allergic diseases [1--4]

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are associated with high risk of complications and account for the highest percentage in pediatric morbidity. ARVI complications are usually caused by bacteria. The multimodal treatment should include etiotropic, symptomatic and immunomodulatory therapy. Immunomodulatory therapy has an important role during the acute phase of the disease, as well as in the convalescent period of acute respiratory disease.

Nasopharyngeal tonsillar pathology is one of the most pressing problems in the contemporary pediatric otorhinolaryngology. In Russia, the proportion of children with chronic adenoiditis, according to the authors, equals up to 50--70%. [1,2] The main cause of chronic inflammation of nasopharyngeal tonsils is that they are burdened with viral and bacterial antigens [3]. The role of the main bacterial pathogen in chronic adenoiditis in children has not been properly studied till today.