The contemporary otorhinolaryngology is faced with the problem of prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of patients with auditory disorders due to various causes. Overall, acute inflammatory diseases of the middle ear account for quite a high percentage of ear pathology; the type of disorder often results in a temporary disability as well as chronic inflammatory process, onset of various complications (otogenic intracranial, sepsis, labyrinthitis, facial neuropathy et al.) and subsequently - persistent disability of the patient [3].

For already more than 80 years, in the former Soviet Union, first at the premises of the G. Eliava Institute of Vaccines and Sera in Tbilisi and later in the Russian Federation at the branches of FSUE SPA Microgen (in the cities of Ufa, Perm and Nizhny Novgorod), over a dozen of different drugs have been made using one type of bacteriophage or a combination of various types for the treatment and prevention of acute intestinal infection and decompensated dysbacteriosis, as well as against causative agents of a number of purulent inflammatory diseases including respiratory disorders.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common causes of polyneuropathy worldwide. In accordance with the modern classification, there are typical and atypical forms of generalized diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) some of which have differing pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. The questions of pathogenesis and diagnostic principles for the most common form - typical DPN - are considered. The main approaches to the treatment of patients with DPN are discussed: 1) glycemic control, 2) lifestyle recommendations, 3) pathogenetic therapy, 4) symptomatic treatment. Pathogenetic therapy includes administration of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA). Berlithion® is an ALA widely used in neurological practice which proved to be effective and demonstrated high safety profile in the treatment of DPN.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) often causing disability in young adults. As is the case with the majority of autoimmune diseases, multiple sclerosis patients are predominantly women - 2.5 times more often than men. [1-4, 13] Considering the fact that the disease onset mainly occurs in childbearing age, it becomes clear why so much attention has been recently given to the possibility of pregnancy for patients with multiple sclerosis.

The article summarizes the current aspects of the pathogenesis of PCOS and hyperandrogenism mechanisms. The treatment of dermopathy using COC and other androgen receptor blockers is substantiated.

The beginning of XXI century in diabetology is characterized by a major breakthrough in the development of new pharmacological agents and new approaches to the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The move from glucose-centric to multifactorial concept of treatment and creation of the new groups of antidiabetic drugs with multiple properties not effecting glycemia have considerably complicated though greatly improved practitioner's choice of therapy for an individual patient. This undoubtedly calls for a greater knowledge of specialists about non-glycemic effects of antidiabetic drugs. This review is devoted to renoprotective effect demonstrated by various groups of antidiabetic drugs, focusing on new groups of drugs included in the Russian algorithms over the past decade (GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors). It can be useful to both researchers and clinicians who are striving to offer the therapy of choice to their patients today.

Endocrine ophthalmopathy is a chronic autoimmune disease of the orbit which can cause loss of vision. It is a multidisciplinary problem involving specialists from different areas. The aim of the study was to compare management of patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy by endocrinologists vs. ophthalmologists. Material and methods: questionnare for doctors. The survey results demonstrated that practical diagnosis and treatment of ophtalmopathy are different from the current guidelines, and multi-disciplinary teams should be created to determine the best tactics for the management of patient with Graves' disease and endocrine ophthalmopathy.

The growing incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) calls for adequate management of the disease through the successful use of blood glucose monitoring systems, or portable personal glucose meters (PGM). Accurate and regular measurement of blood glucose levels is an essential element of an effective and safe treatment of DM. Achievement and maintenance of glycemic targets are a must in the prevention of micro- and macrovascular complications, thus reducing the level of patient disability and mortality due to DM[1]. Diabetes can not be effectively managed without self-monitoring of blood glucose.

March 14, 2015, St. Petersburg Chairmen of the Expert Board: Academician Skoromets A.A., Professor Barantsevich E.R. Member experts: Amelin A.V., Afanasiev V.V., Starikov P.V., Bogdanova N.V., Pavlyukova O.S., Lobzin S.V., Koreshkina M.I., Lalayan T.V., Kucshnirenko Y.N., Schwartzman G.I., Pugacheva E.L., Portnyagin I.V., July I.A., Klyucheva E.G., Samartsev I.N., Barinov A.N., Zhivolupov S.A.

Acute respiratory diseases (ARD) are the most common in the structure of all infectious diseases. High antigenic variation of influenza viruses, adenoviruses and rhinoviruses slows down the process of creation of universal vaccines and leads to high incidence of developing resistance to direct-acting antiviral agents. Therefore, in the treatment and prevention of ARVI, it is reasonable to take medicines which activate the mechanisms of nonspecific immune response thus increasing the overall resistance of the organism. IFN-γ is a pluripotent cytokine with a strong etiotropic (antiviral) action and a potent immunomodulator. IFN-γ can be recommended for the prevention and treatment of influenza and ARVI during the peak of disease or in the first days/ hours of the disease onset. Concomitant use of IFN-α and IFN-γ against influenza and ARVI can significantly increase both prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy.

Managing exacerbation of an allergic diseases is a challenge addressed with a toolkit of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical measures. Despite a fairly wide range of medicines used in the treatment of allergic exacerbations affecting various organs and systems, anti-histamines and steroids remain the most commonly used medicines. These groups of medicines have the most profound clinical effects associated with the pharmacological characteristics of the drugs, allowing for quite a prompt action at virtually all stages of allergic reaction. Other antihistamine medications such as leukotriene receptor antagonists, mast cell stabilizers and others, are also quite widely used in practical allergology. The key task of allergist/immunologist is to choose the correct way of managing a patient during the exacerbation period, to find the appropriate antiallergic therapy tailored to the individual characteristics of the patient, the course and severity of the acute phase.

The incidence of both acute and chronic infectious diseases causing inflammation of the mucous membranes in the upper respiratory tract has grown worldwide. For example, in the United States, sinusitis is now the most widespread disease the incidence of which is higher than that of hypertension and arthritis (according to the National Center for Health Statistics, USA). This is caused by overcrowded cities, poor environment, greater population mobility, insufficient vaccination coverage, poor personal hygiene standards and malnutrition.

Sulodexide belongs to the class of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides. Found in mammalian tissuesm, GAGs regulate the activity of a wide range of proteins (including chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, enzymes, morphogens, and adhesion molecules). GAGs are large, linear, frequently sulfated, negatively charged polysaccharides with a molecular weight ranging 1-2,000 kDa. They are organized as repetitions of disaccharide units of an uronic acid (D-glucuronic acid or L-iduronic acid) and an acetylated amino sugar (N-acetylgalactosamine or N-acetylglucosamine) either sulfated or non-sulfated. [5] The position of sulfation of GAGs is widely variable depending on their cell and tissue localization. GAGs exist both as part of proteoglycans and as free chains. Non-sulfated GAGs include hyaluronic acid and sulfated GAGs include chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparin, and heparan sulfate.

The clinical picture of IBS, in addition to gastrointestinal symptoms, is dominated by extraintestinal manifestations (EIM). The study evaluated the incidence and clinical spectrum of EIM using screening for somatoform disorders (SOMS_2) in young and old IBS patients depending on gender and type of IBS. IBS patients for study were divided into 2 groups: younger than 45 years (125 subjects) and older than 45 years (120 subjects), the total number equalling 245 patients. The IM study showed that more than half of patients in both groups experienced "excessive fatigue" and a feeling of "vertigo or instability." 40 to 50% of patients demonstrated polysystemic vegetative dysfunction: "feeling of nausea", "heartbeat", "sweat", "flashes of heat and cold," and so forth. Both groups showed high frequency of pain in different locations. Women suffered from EIM much more often than men. The frequency of separate EIM changed significantly in women with age, which was not observed in men.

We have the experience in diagnosis and treatment of 274 patients with chemodectomas of the head and neck (glomus pyramidalis, vagale, tympanum and jugulare tumors). Early diagnosis of tumors is quite complicated. It is difficult to determine the extent and direction of growth of multiple primary tumors. The main way of treatment is still surgery. However, removing the tumors is associated with a risk of intensive intra- and postoperative bleeding.