Unintended pregnancy rates remain high throughout the world. About 35-50% of all pregnancies are unintended, with a higher incidence in adolescents and young women belonging to certain racial and ethnic minorities or with low levels of education and income. Roughly half of these women did not use any contraceptive method. [1] Obstetricians and gynecologists globally should raise awareness among women of all ages and help every patient choose the right contraceptive method.

Few problems in gynecological endocrinology attract as much attention of patients and medical specialists as menstrual disorders. And this is not surprising. Regular menstrual rhythm and normal menstrual cycle reflect the general health condition, health status of the reproductive system, ability to conceive and give birth to a child [1], which are typical requirements for female identity and psychological comfort.

Miscarriage is one of the most pressing problems in obstetrics and gynecology today. Despite progress achieved in the improvement of diagnostic methods, treatments and preventive measures for women during and beyond pregnancy, according to WHO, the incidence of miscarriage ranges from 5 to 30% of the total number of pregnancies, in some groups reaching 55 % [1, 2]. The last five years have seen a marked trend towards an increase in the incidence of spontaneous abortion [2]. In Russia, every 5th desired pregnancy is lost. The risk of losing desired pregnancy increases as the number of failures grows and equals 36--38% after 2 spontaneous abortions, reaching 40--45% after 3 abortions [1, 3]. Birth rate increase in the Russian Federation is one of the strategic objectives of the national security [4].

Today Russia is facing a difficult situation with the health and well-being of adolescents and young adults caused by the failure of adult family members and community to convey the experience of previous generations and answer specific questions, as well as by the absence of social, educational, psychological and medical services [1].

The need for post-abortion rehabilitation is conditioned by the frequency and relevance of delayed and long-term complications of induced abortions. Numerous studies demonstrate feasibility of using oral contraceptives for the prevention of adverse effects of abortion not only due to their good contraceptive effect, but also their ability to adequately rehabilitate the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis by adjusting hormone profile and levelling hormonal fluctuations, as well as their therapeutic effects, especially those produced by three-phase combined oral contraceptives.

Uterine fibroids has been and remains the most common gynecological disorder. In terms of its incidence, uterine fibroids diagnosis is second only to inflammatory diseases of the genitals. However, knowing that the latter is confirmed only in one third of patients, we insist on the priority of fibroids, which is evidenced by the statistics: leiomyoma is found in 20--40% of women of reproductive age [1].

This review discusses the reasons for the low use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) in postmenopausal women, results of recent evidence-based studies showing favorable benefit/risk profile associated with MHT in women aged 50--59 years and/or menopause lasting less than 10 years, as well as ways for minimizing risks of the therapy.

Increase in the incidence of hormone-dependent diseases of the female reproductive system (FRS) calls for the search of new efficient algorithms for early diagnosis of early endometriosis, endometrial hyperplasia and uterine fibroids, while combined pathology requires early treatment and patient-based approach.

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding has a strong negative impact on the quality of life of patients and constitutes a heavy economic burden both for patients and for the healthcare system as a whole. Examination and management of women of reproductive age with dysfunctional uterine bleeding is complicated by the lack of standardized methods for identifying and classifying potential causes. At the moment, there are no uniform approaches for the examination and treatment of such patients; inadequate therapy may lead to complications, while unjustified surgery may cause a variety of physical disorders and increase the economic burden.

Premature babies account for 60-70% of early neonatal and 65-75% infant mortality [2, 3, 5, 9]. In premature labour, stillbirth rate is 8-13 times the rate in term labour [6, 8]. Babies born weighing less than 1500 g are 200 times more likely to die newborn, and if survive, 10 times more likely to have neurological and physical complications than babies born weighing more than 2500 g [7].

The article is a review of a study based on extensive clinical data (19 311 pregnant women) on pregnancy and indications for cesarean delivery. The frequency of operative delivery at extragenital diseases and complications of pregnancy is compared with perinatal mortality rate. Obstetric situations are demonstrated in which the caesarean section rate may be reduced without increasing perinatal mortality.

According to the national classification acting since 2012, early pregnancy loss happens before 21 weeks and 6 days of pregnancy, and premature birth is registered at 22 to 37 weeks of pregnancy. The global approach to registering perinatal mortality calls for prevention of complications starting from early pregnancy in order to avoid extremely preterm births.

Iron deficiency related diseases (IDRD) are conditioned by iron metabolism disorders due to iron insufficiency and are reflected in clinical and laboratory manifestations of iron deficiency, the severity of which depends on the stage of the disease.

Back in 1630, Shah Jahan built the famous Taj Mahal Palace in the memory of his wife Mumtaz who died as a result of postpartum massive bleeding giving birth to her fourteenth child. [1] To this day, bleeding continues to be one of the most common obstetric complications. Massive life-threatening coagulopathic bleeding with blood loss more than 1.5% of body weight, or more than 30% of the circulating blood volume, is given special attention.

Miscarriage is contributed by a number of different factors; among those, magnesium deficiency has a specific mechanism and polypathogenic effects. According to the results of numerous studies, magnesium medicines are effective in complex therapy of miscarriage as they affect key pathogenetic links. Prevention of miscarriage should be based on careful identification and elimination of the causes of miscarriage, examination and rehabilitation of nonpregnant women.

The demographic situation in this country is largely dependent on the healthcare status of women, quality of care in preparation for pregnancy, during pregnancy and at delivery, and subsequent monitoring of the development and health of the child. Improving the reproductive health of the nation is a major priority for the national social policy.

Thrombotic complications are the most serious complications of assisted reproductive technologies which can be fatal, in most cases associated with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. The article describes the modern aspects of the pathogenesis of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, of thromboembolic complications and the role of genetic and acquired thrombophilia in their development, methods to assess risk factors for thrombotic complications before applying assisted reproductive technologies and recommendations for the prevention of thromboembolic complications in women undergoing IVF treatment.

Bacterial vaginosis is a polymicrobial clinical syndrome characterized by the replacement of physiological Lactobacillus species with a spectrum of other microorganisms, mostly anaerobic. Numerous studies showed that key components of the vaginal microbiota in BV are Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae. A. vaginae are hard-to-culture bacteria whose involvement in BV has been described recently with the help of molecular methods. The article demonstrates that A. vaginae and G. vaginalis are responsible for the formation of biofilms on the vaginal epithelium. BV has a high recurrence rate, the main causes of which are presumably the resistance of BV-associated bacteria to antimicrobial agents and low susceptibility of biofilms to antibiotics.

Antibacterial drug is the common method of specific prophylaxis of postoperative complications. Inhibitor-protected aminopenicillins are the main group of antibiotics used in obstetric practice for the prevention of postpartum infectious and inflammatory diseases. Single preoperative administration of amoxicillin/clavulanate has high clinical efficacy and reduces antibiotic treatment in the postpartum period.

Recurrent infections of the lower urinary tract is the problem with which female patients see doctors of various specialities. According to the SONAR study in 2005-2006, gynecologists are contacted by 17% of patients with recurrent infections of the lower urinary tract, urologists - by 15%, therapists - 11.4%, pharmacists - 4.3%, other healthcare specialists - 12.3% of patients. 40% of patients who self-medicate do not seek doctor's help. Absence of common approaches to diagnosis and treatment of recurrent infections of the lower urinary tract is the cause of relapse in 48% of patients.

Inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs is a group of infectious diseases of various etiology which primarily affect young sexually active women. The diagnosis is usually made on clinical grounds as there is no a single test that would allow for a differential diagnosis. However, regardless of the clinical pattern, once the diagnosis of a pelvic inflammatory disease is confirmed, it requires adequate treatment with immunomodulatory agents.

Gonococcal and chlamydial infections are the most common sexually transmitted infections globally. Every year 250 million new cases of gonorrhea and 90 million new cases of urogenital chlamydia are registered worldwide. [21]

Vulvovaginal atrophy is one of the most annoying and undesirable manifestations of estrogen deficiency. 77% of women feel uncomfortable to discuss the symptoms with their doctor. Improving the quality of diagnosis is the first step to ensure timely treatment of proven efficacy and better quality of life of women against a background of hypoestrogenism, including in postmenopause.

The review continues the publication series devoted to well-known "classical" antimicrobial drugs the application of which in clinical practice takes on a new meaning in light of the striving to limit the globally increasing resistance of infectious diseases to antibiotics. For example, doxycycline is indicated for still relevant sexually transmitted infections, pelvic inflammatory diseases, lower respiratory tract infections, some skin infections and periodontitis. Antibiotic drug remains crucial in addressing the complex issues of prevention and treatment of a number of zoonotic diseases (including special danger infections) and vector-borne diseases, making it a strategic product for healthcare.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria is a common condition occurring in 5-10% of pregnant women. In the absence of therapy, 20-40% of women develop acute pyelonephritis, a severe complication which may cause a variety of problems in pregnancy. The standard method of diagnosis of asymptomatic bacteriuria is urine culture. Urine culture in the first trimester of pregnancy helps to reveal about 80% of cases of asymptomatic bacteriuria. The most common cause of asymptomatic bacteriuria are Gram-negative strains. The article tells about current approaches to antibiotic therapy and alternative treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women, which remains a common problem today. Careful and reasonable selection of the drug is required first of all to minimize the risk to the fetus. Application of the therapeutic principles based on the recommendations of the leading global professional associations will allow for a safe and effective elimination of bacteria and prevention of serious complications. Further large-scale studies of the effecicay of alternative treatments for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy are required.

Breastfeeding is the only way for the baby to receive all the necessary nutrients and immune protection from the mother's milk during the first year of life. However, every other mother is discharged from maternity hospital with cracked nipples or with a risk for cracking nipples.

A method for antenatal prediction of posthypoxic disorders of the cardiovascular system in newborn infants by identifying final nitric oxide metabolites (nitrites) and middle-mass molecules in the blood of mothers in the 3rd trimester is suggested. Women whose babies are at risk of cardiovascular pathology and having the level of nitrite ions below 5.92 mmol/l or above 10.30 mmol/l, receive succinic acid (Limontar) which contributes to achieving the normal levels of nitrite ions and as a result reduces the incidence of cardiac disorders in newborns by 2.5 times.

Health status of infants with extremely low and very low birth weight is a challenge for today's healthcare. Ivanovo Research Institute of Maternity and Childhood named after V.N. Gorodkov has established the system of medical care to extremely premature infants with perinatal lesions of the central nervous system. Abilitation for extremely premature infants with perinatal lesions of the central nervous system should involve territorial and inter-territorial level organizations, interaction algorithms, a complex of forecasting methods, early diagnosis of health disorders, a series of initiatives for the ultimate recovery of defective functions, prevention of disability and development of new therapies, particularly, application of neuropeptide Semax in children with hypoxic-ischemic disorders