Diaper dermatitis occurs in 40% of children in the first year of life [1, 17, 18]. The risk of diaper dermatitis is low when diapers are changed six or more times per day, at breastfeeding and home care (versus nurseries and kindergartens). Risk of diaper dermatitis sharply increases at diarrhea or oral administration of amoxicillin. Bepanten is recommended for the prevention and treatment of uncomplicated diaper dermatitis.

The article tells about the rationale for use and effectiveness of enzyme replacement therapy, antacids, hepatoprotectors, cholecystitis spasmolytics and selection of probiotics in treatment of postcholecystectomy syndrome in children. Special attention is paid to mechanism of action of drugs and their use in treatment of postcholecystectomy syndrome in children of different ages. Authors share personal experience of prescribing the drugs to children with cholelithiasis after cholecystectomy.

Reduction of digestive function of pancreas, relative or absolute, can be observed at many diseases of gastrointestinal tract. A common case of the disease in children is characterized by relative pancreatic insufficiency at which pancreas is not damaged and functions well, but there are certain factors that prevent enzymes from fully performing their function. It is usually neither obvious nor clearly manifested, without typical symptoms, and diagnosed only by laboratory examination. The underlying disease and its symptoms are usually more pronounced. Various diseases of gastrointestinal tract are often accompanied by relative insufficiency of exocrine pancreatic function; enzyme medicines are recommended in complex therapy of the diseases.

Constipation is one of the most common pathologies of gastrointestinal tract in children. Early rational therapy can significantly improve the prognosis. Medicinal methods of correction of constipation include laxatives, prokinetics, drugs for correction of dysbiosis and metabolite therapy. Preventive measures should include balanced diet and frequent drinking, while physical activity and encouragement of urge to defecate in children can significantly reduce the risk of constipation in children.

The article is an overview of contemporary global studies summarizing the results of research of composition of intestinal microflora and its effect on human health. Gene sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA amplified bacterial nucleic acids was applied to define most common European enterotypes and highlight the factors that influence the formation of enterotype. The possible relationship between intestinal microbiota and obesity is highlighted.

Bronchial asthma (BA) in children is one of the common allergic diseases. Epidemiological studies show that 4 to 8% of population suffer from asthma; in children this figure comes to 5-10%. Over the last few years all over the world, including Russia, the incidence of asthma and its severity in children has tended to increase. The number of children infected with asthma at early age is rapidly growing. At it its initial stage the disease is usually manifested in bronchial obstruction accompanying respiratory viral infections. Today the disease is a challenge not only for healthcare, it has also acquired social and economic importance.

The article tells about present-day developments in immunotherapy and prevention of ARI in sickly children. The causes of immunological disorders and clinical features of respiratory infections in sickly children are analyzed. The article highlights the relationship of immune response and pathogenic mechanisms of respiratory infections in children; effect of viruses on immune cells; phenomenon of "escaping" of immune cells from the influence of active immune system cells, leading to long-term persistence of virus in child’s body and development of secondary immunodeficiency; analysis of the effectiveness of immunotropic drugs and their impact on various components of immune system; efficiency and safety of the national drug Polioksidoniy when applied for the purpose of immune system restoration. A substantiated multistage scheme for prevention of ARI in sickly children is proposed and substantiated.

Doctors have been dealing with inflammatory disease of nose and paranasal sinuses as early as since the XVII century. Rhinosinusitis is a polyethiologic inflammation of nose and paranasal sinuses, accompanied by congestion of secretion and impaired aeration of paranasal sinuses. In children, acute sinusitis is often a complication of viral infection (70-80%). Treatment regimens include drug therapy and mechanical removal of abnormal secretions from infected sinuses and input of solution.

Thе article reviews present-day concepts of community-acquired pneumonia in children after the approval in 2011 of research and practical program "Community-acquired pneumonia in children (prevalence, diagnosis, treatment and prevention)" by the Russian Respiratory Society. Practicing pediatricians have to choose the most suitable antibiotic which is more often a macrolide, according to the latest data on the etiology of the disease in Russia.

The end of the last century was characterized by rapid growth of atopy all over the world. Large-scale epidemiological studies of allergic diseases in children undertaken at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries showed that asthma is the most common chronic disorder in children. Over the last decade no similar studies were carried out, so it is impossible to evaluate the changes in trends; however, certain observations led to the conclusion that in European countries the frequency of asthma symptoms has stabilized or even declined.

ADHD, commonly hyperactivity, is a fashionable diagnosis. We are so used to hearing it, that we forget to decipher: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. This syndrome may have different manifestations in different children. For example, Vadik is a hyperactive child without attention deficit disorder. He’s very interested in what he is doing: he is totally absorbed, even too much. He grabs at everything at once, he thinks he needs to do things very quickly. He builds and then breaks to make it better. He's always asking questions, grabs at other children’s blocks. He interferes with what other children are doing and bothers them. If someone's house is falling, Vadik rushes to help ... And Grisha has attention deficit hyperactivity. He's acting strange from the beginning. It seems that he did not understand the task: he asks the other children what they are doing. He fails to start performing the task, distracted by the birds in the window, his fantasies, other children and items.

The article tells about results of clinical use of national non-hormonal topical treatment - Tsinokap cream. The active ingredient is zinc pyrithione 0.2% with anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal effect. A group of children with atopic dermatitis aged 1 to 16 years applied Tsinokap cream for 4 weeks. Clinical observations and analysis of dynamics of standardized SCORAD index during the treatment proved high efficiency of the therapy and its safety. Use of Tsinokap by patients with atopic dermatitis was associated with an increase in the quality of life in all age groups.

Timely and full sexual maturity of child is a challenge for both endocrinologists and general practitioners. Unfortunately, not all parents are aware when children generally reach puberty, so one shouldn’t hope that delayed puberty would be a common cause for addressing a doctor. Moreover, parents do not always respond to doctor’s request to examine the child in case of deviation. But they should. Entry into puberty of boys younger than 9 years requires examination to exclude brain tumor. Delayed puberty may be a manifestation of hypogonadism. Without treatment patient is threatened by violations of growth, eunuchoid body proportions and impaired socialization.

The value of breastfeeding (BF) as a base for rational and adequate nutrition is particularly significant because it sustains child’s vital functions and health, as well as ensures harmony of growth and development. In addition, BF impacts infant’s physical and mental health both at early stages of development and in adulthood (the concept of food programming.) Balanced diet of children from the first days of life ensures harmony and good rates of growth and development, and reduces morbidity; it is one of the key areas of preventive treatment aimed at protecting health and reducing risk of disease in children and adults [1].

Chronic esophagitis in children is heterogeneous in etiology. A study covered 83 patients aged 3 to 17 years with histologically defined chronic esophagitis, 58 of them suffered from food and respiratory allergies. All children underwent endoscopy, morphological and immune-histochemical study of biopsies of esophagus to check presence of mucosal IgE, IgA, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus and Epstein – Barr virus. Chronic infection was found in 77 of 83 (92.8%) children. All the patients underwent daily pH meter. Gastroesophageal reflux disease was diagnosed in 33 children, characterized by typical symptoms combined with gastroduodenal pathology, usually HP-associated, and increased gastric secretion. Mild inflammation was morphologically identified in 15% of patients with gastric metaplasia. Allergic esophagitis was not associated with either clinical or endoscopic obvious manifestations; eosinophilic infiltration was observed in several patients, inflammatory activity was lower than at gastroesophageal reflux disease or infections. Esophagitis in chronic viral infection was characterized by higher frequency of erosive changes and more marked inflammation. The combination of three etiological factors is associated with a more severe lesion of esophagus.