The article tells about the specific physiology of children's skin and the choice of external dermatological and cosmetic skin care products which have been tested for safety and effectiveness. The focus is on modern external medicines based on dexpanthenol (Bepanthen).

In dentistry, as in any other area of medicine, pain, unfortunately, is often the only reason for visiting a doctor. Pain is referred to as "watchdog" of health, as it turns on self-preservation instinct and person starts doing something. The most common dental diseases are accompanied by an ache (caries and its complications, periodontal and oral mucosa diseases) caused by obvious dental tissue defect, inflammation or soft tissue oedema. Intense pain without obvious external reasons should be given special attention.

During the first few months of baby's life, considerable changes are going on all the time. The changes are observed not only in height and weight (physical development), but also in mental, motor, emotional, speech and social development. Teething is one of the major indicators of baby's health and the most important stage in the development of maxillo-facial area. Parents have a lot of questions during this period which they address to paediatrician or try to answer themselves with the help of the Internet or more experienced friends and relatives. The article is devoted to issues of teething which is a widespread subject of questions quite often asked by anxious parents when visiting children's doctor.

The article tells about latest data on etiology, pathegenesis, diagnosis and treatment of lactase deficiency in children. Feces analysis for carbohydrates for diagnosis of lactase deficiency is not recommended. The authors suggest to continue breast-feeding at lactase deficiency.

The article tells about validity and feasibility of diagnostics of functional dyspepsia in children, relation between symptoms of dyspepsia and morphological signs of chronic gastritis, indications for anti-helicobacter therapy in children with functional dyspepsia. Etiology and pathogenesis of functional dyspepsia in children, as well as approaches to treatment, are highlighted.

Rational antibacterial therapy is a major component of treatment of children with various infectious inflammatory diseases. However, widespread use of antibiotics in pediatric practice is not always reasonable and often leads to different complications.

The article reviews latest data on the role of additional factors of celiac disease, in particular, intestinal microbiota. Composition of intestinal biocenosis of patients with celiac disease is characterized by increase in gram-negative bacteria and decrease in obligatory germs, specifically, bifid bacteria. Dynamic studies showed incomplete recovery at gluten-free diet. Microbiota formation in children with genetic risk of celiacia differs from that of healthy children in being less diverse in species, lower number of bacteroids, lack of short-chain fatty acid and excess lactate. This may increase permeability of intestinal barrier and maintain inflammation, while preventing from developing immunological tolerance to gluten.

Inflammatory disease of the respiratory system in children is a common reason of seeking medical aid and a challenge for paediatrics and pediatric pulmonology. Every year a child suffers from 5 to 12 episodes of virus infection accompanied by lower and upper respiratory tract disorders.

The article tells about mechanisms and disease pattern of bronchiolitis, differential diagnostics, relevant therapy and outcomes, as well as evidence-based treatment tactics.

Throat pain is one of the most common reasons for seeking medical care. While clinical diagnostics of AT syndrome is quite easy, acute tonsillitis (AT) remains a challenge for etiological diagnosis which helps to make correct choice of etiotropic therapy.

According to order of Russia's Ministry of Health of January 23, 2007 No.56 "Approval of exemplary operation and structure of children's clinic", "healthy child room" is added to the recommended structure of children's' clinic.

Enuresis is a frequently occurring disease: in childhood its prevalence is 12 % in boys and 7% in girls; by early school age the pathology is still present in 4.5% of children. Depending on the time of contraction enuresis can be primary and secondary. Almost all of existing classifications of enuresis distinguish neurotic and neurosis-like forms. With a few exceptions, all children and adolescents suffering from enuresis must undergo out-patient treatment. This applies to all forms of the disease, but especially to cases when neurotic component is most marked.

Allergic rhinitis is one of the most common allergic diseases posing a real healthcare and social challenge. Retrospective study of clinical records of patients with atopic respiratory diseases held by State Scientific Centre "Institute of immunology" of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia showed that, with rare exceptions, mild symptoms of rhinitis tend to become severe. Treatment of allergic rhinitis includes activities aimed at elimination of active allergen, rational drug therapy and allergen-specific immunotherapy.