The article tells about modern approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of acute rhinosinusitis. Acute rhinosinusitis, including bacterial, is a common disease of the paranasal sinuses. There are a lot of different treatment schemes for acute rhinosinusitis; however, none of them is considered the best. There are European and American guidelines for the treatment of acute rhinosinusitis, and their comparison with the Russian practice of treatment of sinusitis.

The role of macrolides in antibacterial therapy of acute uncomplicated laryngitis The article tells about the etiology, pathogenesis, disease pattern and diagnosis of acute catarrhal laryngitis; analysis of risk factors and pathogens of acute catarrhal laryngitis, the role of atypical pathogens in otolaryngologic infections; efficacy of antibiotic therapy, key antibacterial drugs and their dosage, that are used for the treatment of acute catarrhal laryngitis; recommendations for treatment.

More than 1.5 billion clinical cases of various infectious diseases are registered every year globally. Infectious and inflammatory diseases of respiratory tract and ear are the most common disorders in the human population, which are found everywhere and in all age groups.

Inflammatory diseases of the paranasal sinuses are one of the most actual problems of modern otorhinolaryngology. 15 to 36% of in-patients at ENT units are people suffering from sinusitis. In 2007, the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) and the European Rhinologic Society (ERS) signed the fundamental document that contains the guidelines for the treatment of rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps - the EPOS (European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyposis). The EPOS relies on a strict evidence-based approach; however, the number of controlled studies of efficacy of drugs, even those with registered indications, was not really big. After treatment experience was accumulated by 2012, the "herbal preparations" group was included in the list of those recommended by the EPOS.

The challenge posed by acute inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract (URT) is obvious. According to national and foreign specialists, from 0.5 to 6% of cases of ARVI are complicated by bacterial infection of the paranasal sinuses, and up to 15% - acute otitis media [1, 2]. Among patients seeking medical help from ENT specialist, pregnant women are a special category due to the difficulty of selection of an appropriate therapy.

According to statistics, ARVI and influenza are considered the most common infectious diseases; in this country, influenza and ARVI occur more often than all other infections combined. The average annual damage to the economy of Russia from influenza and ARVI equals 100 billion roubles [12].

Inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract are very widespread. There is a brief description and guidelines for the treatment of various forms of laryngitis. Inhalation antibiotic therapy is an effective method of local anti-inflammatory therapy in the comprehensive treatment of inflammatory diseases of the larynx.

The prevalence of pharyngomycosis was analysed on the basis of research data and own observation of 2,987 patients seeking assistance in the consulting unit of the Centre over the period from 2008 till 2011. The study concluded that the proportion of fungal infections of ENT organs in the total variety of chronic inflammatory disease increased to 29% for fungal infections of the throat in pharyngitis, and to 17.2% in chronic tonsillitis. The pathogens of fungal infections of the throat were defined and analyzed. The study found that the involvement of Candida non albicans strains in the development of chronic inflammation has increased. The proportion of cases of aspergillus infection of the mucous membranes of the pharynx, larynx, and tonsils was identified. Sophisticated diagnosis and treatment schemes were suggested.

Acute respiratory viral infection, including influenza, remains one of the most pressing health, social and economic problems of our time. The reason is the significant seasonal prevalence of the diseases in all age groups, and a high risk of serious complications and possible exacerbation of pre-existing chronic conditions. Improving the efficacy of modern respiratory antiviral drugs remains a priority. Prevention of acute respiratory viral infection is still vital.

The problem of chronic tonsillitis (CT) is one of the most pressing in practical otolaryngology, which is supported by the data on high prevalence of the disease. The disease is found in 4-10% of adult population and in 12-15% of children [3, 4].

Septal perforation (CP) is a defect of nasal septum with partial or total absence of certain layers of the damaged organ. Most perforations are iatrogenic and are not accompanied by clinical symptoms. The authors have created a flat mold showing the location of mucoperichondreum and mucoperiosteum of the nose, which can be used for shaping pedicle flaps and repairing the nasal septum. Extrapolation of actual perforation to the mold helps to plan surgical interventions for the repair of septal perforations.

An overview of modern research literature in diagnostics, disease pattern and treatment of patients with malignant neoplasms of the larynx shows that there is still a number of problems associated primarily with the early diagnosis and effective treatment of the pathology.

Cicatricial stenosis is caused by pathological processes in the larynx and trachea leading to a narrowing of the lumen and resulting respiratory failure [10]. One of the main causes of cicatricial stenosis of the larynx and trachea is long-term mechanical ventilation via endotracheal and tracheostomy tube [2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 11].

The article tells about the ways to increase effectiveness of conservative treatment of rhinitis medicamentosa. 112 patients with a long-term history of use of decongestants were observed. A combination drug containing dexpanthenol which stimulates regeneration of the damaged ciliated epithelium was used for the treatment of chemical injury to the mucous membranes of the nose. Using modern methods of research, the authors proved that early treatment of rhinitis medicamentosa with nasal spray containing dexpanthenol, prevents the development of persistent vasomotor dysfunction of the nasal mucosa.

The article tells about modern approaches to drug therapy of allergic rhinitis in children. Based on published research data, the authors define the role of modern intranasal glucocorticosteroids in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and comorbid conditions.

The number of adolescent and college-age young people with difficulties of hearing has been recently increasing; today, young people are at greatest risk of hearing loss. Harvard high school in Boston, US, conducted a study, according to which one in six young Americans (17%) suffers from hearing loss, especially at medium and high frequencies [6]. The majority of Russian researchers studied pathologies of hearing in adult population [1, 2, 3], and to a lesser extent in children [4, 5].