Today, allergy can easily be called a disease of the XXI century. Patients are increasingly complaining about various forms of allergy. Allergy symptoms are varied and diverse, as are the ways of treatment of allergic diseases. According to the statistics from the Institute of Immunology of FMBA, Russia, from 17 to 35% of Russia's population are suffering from various forms of allergy. According to the official statistics, however, the figure varies between 1 and 1.5% [1, 2, 3]. The GA2LEN study held in 2009 found that of the total 550 respondents, 39 had bronchial asthma, while another 84 people could have asthma. Sinusitis was found in 121 people, and sinusitis concurrent with asthma in 56 [2, 3, 4]. Late diagnosis, treatment and prevention of allergic diseases, therefore, remains a major challenge.

One of the most important features of acute respiratory viral infection (ARVI) is the continuous increase in the prevalence and proportion of this disease in the structure of human pathology today. According to experts, ARVI accounts for 90% of all infectious diseases of the Russian population, far exceeding intestinal infections, varicella (2-3%) and other infectious diseases.

Over 40% of adults in Russia suffer from immune system imbalance associated with atypical, protracted and recurrent course of respiratory infections. Drug treatment as part of the complex therapy largely depends on the state of the immune system. Decrease of the immune function results in lower efficiency of etiotropic therapy. Th specific course of respiratory diseases today and new data on the immune system make selection of the effective drug for immune correction a relevant issue. Nonspecific prevention of respiratory tract infections with immunomodulators, including bacterial lysates, is a matter of increasing scientific interest. Broncho-Vaxom is one of such medications which reduces the incidence of acute respiratory infections, as well as the number of exacerbations of chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract. Broncho-Vaxom's safety profile is comparable to placebo.

As is well known, 4 to 10% of patients seeking ENT care have cerumen impaction [4, 5]. Cerumen is a major cause of hearing loss in more than 5.5 million people in Russia annually. The main factors contributing to cerumen impaction are active use of cotton wool sticks, moisture in the ear, prolonged use of headphones, excessive hair growth in the ear canal and use of hearing aids.

Rational pharmacotherapy of acid-base disorders (ABD) of the upper gastrointestinal tract remains relevant due to high prevalence of the pathology, particularly among the working age population, complex etiology and pathogenesis, and availability of a whole arsenal of drugs.

More than 30 years ago, Jurgen Ludwig et al. from Mayo Clinic (USA, Minnesota) for the first time at biopsy described typical signs of parenchyma lesions in alcoholic liver disease in patients who did not consume hepatotoxic doses of alcohol but were suffering from obesity and type II diabetes. Histological examination of biopsy specimens revealed not only fatty liver, but also hepatocyte ballooning with concurrent lobular and portal leukocyte infiltration [32]. The resulting morphological picture did not fit into the earlier defined criteria for fatty liver disease; the term "non-alcoholic steatohepatitis" (NASH) was first proposed by the researchers, which subsequently secured its place in the vocabulary of both practitioners and scholars. Further studies in different regions of the world led to separating NASH as a nosological entity in the structure of liver diseases characterized by inflammation and cytolytic syndrome [21, 30, 48, 51].

Th article tells about diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of stable coronary heart disease in patients with diabetes. Treatment with traditional drugs (β-blockers, statins, ACE inhibitors, antiplatelet agents) and surgical treatment (PCI, HB) aimed at reducing clinical manifestations of the disease and decreasing cardiovascular complications, such as myocardial infarction and coronary mortality, are analyzed.

The study covered 109 female patients with 1-2 degree hypertension in perimenopause and daily evaluated the results of 24-hour blood pressure monitoring, endothelial function using endothelium-dependent and endothelium-dependent vasodilation of the brachial artery, and endothelin-1 concentration in blood serum before treatment and after 12 weeks of monotherapy with ramipril ACE inhibitor (7 people), losartan angiotensin II receptor blocker (8 people) or combination of ramipril with Lodoz (45 people) and losartan with Lodoz (49 people). In all the observed groups, blood pressure decrease to recommended levels and an improvement of endothelial function were achieved; the latter was manifested in the positive decrease of endothelin-1 concentration in the serum which was high in comparison with reference values already in 1 degree AH, and in the improvement of vasodilator properties in the shoulder artery.

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases and a relevant medical and social problem of the modern society. About 1% of people from the general population are considered to have had at least one epileptic seizure during their life.

Cerebrovascular disease is one of the most common causes of disability and mortality among the population. The diseases are divided into acute cerebrovascular disorders and chronic brain vascular diseases (CBVD), which in this country are more widely known as "dyscirculatory encephalopathy" (DE). This term is used to denote cerebrovascular pathology that develops in the event of multiple focal and/or diffuse brain lesions, while the progression of neurological and psychiatric disorders may be conditioned by a stable and long lasting cerebrovascular insufficiency and/or repeated dyscirculation events occurring as acute clinical symptoms (acute cerebrovascular disorders) or subclinically.

Numerous mass screenings of people of working age showed that 12-33% experienced back pain at the time of the study, 22-65% - during the last year and 11-84% suffered from pain in the cervical or lumbar spine at least once in their life. Economic damage caused by the disability of patients with pain in the back and upper limbs is huge. According to WHO, in the U.S. it came to 25 to 85 billion dollars in 2000, and in the UK it equalled about 6 billion pounds, making this disease one of the most "expensive". [1]

Mnestic and mental disorders in cerebrovascular diseases are of great interest not only for neurologists, but also for medical specialists in related areas - neurosurgeons, therapists, psychiatrists. Cognitive disorders often complicate the course and prognosis of acute and chronic cerebrovascular disease [5]. According to the classification of E.V. Schmidt (1975), the term "dyscirculatory encephalopathy" (DE) is traditionally used to define the chronic form of cerebral vascular insufficiency [10]. Different stages of the disease are characterized by different degree of severity and type of cognitive impairment. The presence of such disorders in patients with DE is a criterion for a more accurate staging of the disease. In our opinion, if the degree of cognitive impairment is compared with the severity of cerebrovascular disease, then mild cognitive impairment corresponds to stage I-II DE [11].

The incidence of diabetes worldwide is increasing annually, despite all efforts of the global healthcare. Cardiovascular complications remain the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2.

Today we observe a steady increase in the prevalence of diabetes and other disorders of carbohydrate metabolism (pre-diabetes) both in Russia and all over the world. Regular self-monitoring is the only way to achieve target blood glucose (BG) values, helps to determine and/or prevent hypoglycemic reactions, and develop an individual treatment program adapted to the patient's lifestyle.

The study of vaginal biocenosis and factors affecting its status has for many years been in the spotlight of not only clinical microbiologists, but a wide range of clinical specialists. The search for new methods of correction of dysbiotic states remains relevant; the application of ecoantibiotics is going to occupy a niche in the clinical practice.

At the end of XX and in the first decade of the XXI century, new, previously unknown microorganisms have been emerging all over thr world, while "old" and forgotten strains of bacteria were becoming more active; antibiotic resistance of infectious agents is becoming more common. This problem is especially acute due to the growing number of patients with immune deficiency conditions, high frequency of severe, combined, common, atypical and complicated forms of disease, mixed infections, the emergence and rapid spread of the so-called "new" and re-emerging infections.

The clinical example demonstrates several stages of diagnostic search in patients admitted to hospital with severe manifestations of cholestatic syndrome. Due to the presence of alimentary liver cirrhosis and absence of cholelithiasis, cholestasis was evaluated with regard to the underlying disease. However, progressive jaundice against a background of adequate treatment and deterioration of the general condition of the patient forced the doctors to extend the range of diagnostic search. Heterogeneity of results of diagnostic imaging was the major obstacle to the detection of Klatskin tumor.