Experienced cephalgology specialists, or headache experts, are well aware that severe headache is a manifestation of a rare cephalgia called cluster headache, found almost only in men.

The fact that migraine and vertigo are interdependent is confirmed by numerous epidemiological studies. The phenomenon of relationship between migraine and vertigo is described as "migraine-associated vertigo". The article tells about well-known nosological categories, for which vertigo is part of a migraine attack (basilar migraine, benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood), as well as vestibular migraine - a widely discussed disorder which has not yet been given the status of a separate nosology. There are diagnostic criteria for vestibular migraine, potential pathophysiological mechanisms and modern approaches to treatment of migraine-associated vertigo.

The overview is based on modern Russian and global data on the prevalence, genetic and environmental risk factors, pathogenesis, disease pattern, diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases with cognitive impairment. Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and frontotemporal degeneration (FTD) are the most widespread. The etiology of the diseases is largely determined by genetic predisposition and the impact of external environmental factors. The role of impaired metabolism of cerebral proteins in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is also highlighted. Disease patters of AD and FTD are characterized by cognitive disorders, while LBD is associated with cognitive disorders in combination with movement and early psychotic disorders. Two types of brain imaging - structural and functional - are becoming increasingly relevant in diagnostics, as they help to get an accurate diagnosis in the early stages. Memantine and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are prescribed for the treatment of AD and DLB; for FTD, serotonergic drugs are indicated.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is multisystem neurodegenerative disorder with a wide range of motor, nervous and mental disorders. On average, depression occurs in 40-50% of patients with Parkinson's disease and is a major factors of deterioration of life quality. The article tells about present-day knowledge about the disease pattern, pathophysiology and approaches to the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease.

Isomnia is a type of sleep disorder associated with difficulty falling asleep, nocturnal awakening (waking up early), or sleep that is not revitalizing or refreshing, and leads to a decrease in the quality of wakefulness [1].

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is widespread all around the world; in the U.S., for example, diabetes was diagnosed in 12% of the population aged 60 and above, while in Europe - in 8-10% of the same population group. The prevalence of diabetes is growing, outstripping the worst predictions of the early 21st century; moreover, there is a "rejuvenation" of diabetes type 2. In diabetes mellitus, metabolic disorders caused by hyperglycemia and pathology of blood flow in the vessels of microcirculatory system lead to multiple lesions of the organs and systems of the body. Nephropathy, retinopathy and distal symmetric motor and sensory polyneuropathy (DSMSP) are the traditional complications of diabetes; DSMSP is the most frequent complication found in DM patients[1].

Successful symptomatic therapy of patients with lesions of the peripheral nervous system lies in the ability to define the nature of the prevailing pain, clarify the characteristics of spontaneous and stimulus-dependent pain and type of sensory impairment. There are clinical and neuro-physiological algorithms of diagnosis of patients with pain which help to stratify treatment based on the type of pain, disorder of the peripheral nervous system and sensory profile of patient.

The article tells about the results of a comprehensive study of 24 patients with chronic alcoholic intoxication; pathogenesis and clinical pattern of alcoholic polyneuropathy and myopathy; the leading role of morphological and morphometric study in the diagnosis of chronic alcoholic myopathy; evaluation of efficacy of alcohol polyneuropathy treatment with neurotropic vitamin group B medicines.

Neuropathic pain is caused by a primary lesion or somatosensory system disorder. It is triggered by pathological activation of pain pathways that may be initiated by a damage to the nerves of the peripheral nervous system, the plexus nerve, dorsal root (peripheral neuropathic pain) or spinal cord and brain (central neuropathic pain).

The article tells about: pathogenesis and clinical picture of osteoarthritis (OA) caused by inflammatory processes and degeneration of the joint tissue; characteristic features of synovitis in OA based on ultrasound scanning; therapy of OA of the knee joint in the acute phase with Amelotex and Compligam B. The following clinical results were obtained: reduction of pain and swelling of the joint, increase of motion range and good tolerability of the drug.

Primary (isolated) angiitis (vasculitis) of the CNS (PACNS) is a rare form of vasculitis of unknown etiology primarily affecting small and/or medium-sized vessels of the brain and/or spinal cord and meninges [3, 4, 20].

Modern methods of surgical and conservative treatment of primary and secondary brain injury are analyzed.

Of 400,000 strokes occuring in Russia every year, 75% are first and 25% repeated. The majority of cases (about 89%) are ischemic stroke, 17% are intracerebral hemorrhage, and about 3% - subarachnoid hemorrhage [10]. According to European studies, in every 100 000 of people there are 600 people who survived stroke, of which 60% remain disabled. Due to population aging the incidence of stroke is growing. Stroke prevention (including recurrent strokes) and rehabilitation of those who survived stroke has become an actual medical and social problem.

OA is the most common form of joint disease and a major cause of morbidity and disability. A significant increase in the incidence of the disease is conditioned by rapid population aging and obesity pandemic. The main clinical symptoms of OA are pain and deformation of joints resulting in the functional failure. A thorough diagnosis process, evaluation of spread and severity of the pathological process, assessment of overall health and comorbidities, if any, are required in the treatment of OA to ensure correct choice of a course of treatment or a combination of treatments. Proven efficacy of monotherapy with chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine hydrochloride served as the platform for the development of combination drugs. The efficacy of the combination is supported by experimental and clinical data.

Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov The purpose of the work is to evaluate collateral blood flow and cerebrovascular reserve capacity in patients with acute hemispheric cerebral infarction and history of transient ischemic attacks. 65 patients with first acute ischemic stroke were examined. The first group comprised 35 patients with a history of transient ischemic attacks; group II consisted of 30 patients who never had transient ischemic attacks in the past. The study was conducted using the NIH stroke scale, the Renkin scale, transcranial doppler imaging, duplex sсanning and computed tomography. The study found that TIA acts as a "trainer" and stimulates cerebrovascular reserve and collateral blood flow by activating endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms.

Today drug safety monitoring is a challenge faced by all countries in the world. The reasons for that are the use by modern medical practice of potent drugs, sensibilization of the population to biological and chemical agents, inefficient use of medicines, medical errors and other reasons including use of drugs in violation of directions.