The article offers the classification and main pathogenetic mechanisms of local, intracranial and systemic complications of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Based on the recommendations of leading experts in Europe and the US, patient management tactics is analyzed in detail and the medical care algorithm for this group of heavy ENT patients is presented.

The article offers the classification and main pathogenetic mechanisms of local, intracranial and systemic complications of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Based on the recommendations of leading experts in Europe and the US, patient management tactics is analyzed in detail and the medical care algorithm for this group of heavy ENT patients is presented.

Allergic rhinitis is the most common atopic disease the pathogenesis of which involves various inflammatory cells, in particular, leukotrienes. We would like to draw attention to the new opportunities in the treatment of the disease - antileukotriene agents. They block the effects of leukotrienes in allergic inflammation and can be used both as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs.

Information about retraction of an article

Analysis conducted by the members of the editorial board has revealed the direct borrowing without reference to the specific source of citations in the following articles:

The article by Aksenova V.A., Baryshnikova L.A. Klevno N.I. Modern approaches to screening for tuberculosis infection in children and adolescents in Russia and the article by Aksenova V.A., Baryshnikova L.A., Klevno N.I., Sokolskaya E.A., Dolzhenko E.N., Shuster A.M., Martyanov V.A. New opportunities for screening and diagnosis of various manifestations of tuberculosis infection in children and adolescents in Russia // Zdorove rebenka = Child health – 2012 - No. 6(41) – p. 118-124.

Based on the decision of the Editorial Board of the journal Medical Council dated January 17, 2020, the following article has been retracted:

Aksenova V.A., Baryshnikova L.A. Klevno N.I. Current approaches to screening for tuberculosis infection in children and adolescents in Russia// Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council – 2015 - No. 4 – p. 30-35.

The article presents the results of a multicenter study conducted in Russia in 2008-2014. The study identified categories of children and adolescents at the highest risk of TB and screening methods for tuberculosis in the child population. The study was conducted on the territory of Russia in four stages. The first stage was to develop new methods of examination and selection of children for preventive treatment at tuberculosis dispensary. Based on the study results and Annex to Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia of October 29, 2009 №855, a method using Diaskintest (0.2 microgram recombinant tuberculosis allergen in standard dilution, CFP10-ESAT6 protein) for TB detection and follow-up of risk groups in the territory of the Russian Federation is proposed.

Influenza is an acute infectious disease caused by influenza virus (Orthomyxoviridae family) which affects up to 15% of the world population in the cold season. The relevance of the disease is reflected in the statistics: every year, up to 500 million people get sick with influenza globally, of which 2 million cases are fatal. The situation in Russia is reflected in the following figures: 27.3 to 41.2 million people get sick with influenza and ARVI annually. Every 6th-7th Russian is involved in the epidemic process.

Chronic heart failure (CHF) today is a heart condition with the least favourable prognosis. Over the past 10-15 years, in addition to strong rationale supporting the effectiveness of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), results of use were obtained for angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) and beta-blockers (BB), as well as new pharmacotherapies, such as mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MCRA), sinoatrial node activity inhibitors, and non-pharmacological interventions - implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy. The recent clinical guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of heart failure provide different classes of recommendation and levels of evidence for the mentioned approaches. One of the most significant changes in CHF pharmacotherapy is supplementation of ACEI and BB with MCRA as the primary treatment for patients with systolic heart failure (class I recommendation, A level of evidence). In this article, we would like to focus on the key aspects of using MCRA in patients with CHF.

Obliterating atherosclerosis of the lower extremities leading to a decrease in blood flow occurs in approximately 12% of the population. The pathology is most commonly manifested at the stage of intermittent claudication. The pain occurs only as long as a specific physical activity is undertaken. Intermittent claudication is registered in 6,4-15,5 per 1 000 people over 55 years old. The article describes the basic principles of treatment and evaluates the efficacy of pentoxifylline.

The article tells about the key pharmacological properties of isosorbide dinitrate in aerosol. There is a brief overview of relevant articles with results of clinical trials of antianginal efficacy of the drug. In patients with limited physical activity due to angina pectoris, Isoket spray was associated with a relief of attacks and improved exercise tolerance, which had a favorable impact on the emotional condition. Isosorbide dinitrate in aerosol is highly effective both for relief and prevention of angina attacks.

Chronic venous disease of the lower extremities (CVD) is the most common peripheral vascular pathology found in 2/3 of people under the age of 60. Epidemiological studies conducted over the last decade demonstrate a sustained "rejuvenation" of CVD with the emergence of such previously exotic forms as hormone-dependent phlebopathy, gaming addiction syndrome, etc. A characteristic feature of new types of CVD and their early stages is the fact that pathomorphological changes in the venous bed are dominated by the specific symptoms and syndromes which are managed with phlebotropic medicines. Phlebotropic medicines (FM) represent a heterogeneous group of biologically active substances obtained through processing of vegetable raw materials or chemical synthesis, all of them having the ability to increase venous tone and reduce the severity of the specific symptoms and syndromes. FMs are an integral part of conservative, pathogenetically substantiated treatment of patients with primary chronic venous diseases. Timely and adequate use of vascular tone regulators can successfully eliminate the specific vascular symptoms and syndromes.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a chronic disease uniting steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with obesity and is a component of metabolic syndrome, thus increasing cardiometabolic risk and affecting the prognosis and duration of life of patients. The review tells about the mechanisms, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

The article discusses various types of symptomatic gastroduodenal ulcers (stress-induced, drug-induced, combined with endocrine diseases, etc.) and their pathogenetic factors, clinical manifestations and diagnosis, current treatment and prevention options.

The article review literature on cervicogenic headache (CGH). Nosological independence of CGH still remains a subject of numerous debates. Presently, the type of headache (cephalgia) should be considered a syndrome. Current diagnostic criteria for CGH are provided. The pathophysiology, differential diagnosis with primary and secondary cephalgias and the main treatment approaches are discussed. The modern concept of CGH is based on anatomical and functional relationship between trigeminal and upper cervical structures as confirmed by clinical and experimental studies. The preference is given to the use of conservative treatment methods, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with manual therapy and therapeutic exercise.

Obesity, a new "non-infectious" global epidemic, overwhelmed most of developed countries all over the world and is regarded as one of the reasons for a steady decline in the reproductive potential of people today.

The number of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) worldwide reached 387 million people by the end of 2014, thus increasing more than 2-fold in just 10 years. High growth rates of diabetes incidence are also observed in Russia, where according to the State Register of Patients with DM, in January 2015 there were more than 4 million people with DM. However, the results of epidemiological studies demonstrated that the true number of patients with DM in Russia exceeds the official number by nearly 3.5 times [1].

Urolithiasis (UL) continues to play an important role in the daily practice of urologists and general practitioners. According to various sources, uric acid nephrolithiasis accounts for about 20% of all cases of urolithiasis. Risk factors for uric acid nephrolithiasis include hyperuricemia, hyperuricosuria, decreased urine output and low urine pH. The major risk factor for UL, low urine pH, is managed by different citrate drugs. Citrate mixtures are strong base salts combined with weak acids which alkalize (neutralize) urine pH, whereas the acid component is metabolised. In patients diagnosed with hyperuricemia, uric acid production can be reduced with the help of xanthine oxidase inhibitors which act as suppressors of xanthine oxidase - an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid which is the end-product of purine metabolism in humans. The medical literature confirms the efficacy of citrate mixtures and xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of patients with uric acid nephrolithiasis.

Virosomal vaccines are new generation vaccines which activate humoral and cell-mediated immunity, induce stronger immunogenicity and sustain long-term protective immunity. The article tells about the results of clinical studies of the Russian next generation influenza vaccine Ultriks®, demoinstrating its safety, high immunogenic activity against influenza viruses H1N1, H3N2 and B, as well as epidemiological effectiveness.

Healthcare practitioners specializing in different areas deal with osteoporosis due to the growing incidence and prevalence of the disease as well as a variety of clinical manifestations. The article tells about neurological aspects of osteoporosis of the spine. A study of a large group of patients with osteoporosis of the spine confirmed by densitometry revealed syndromes of disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Disability conditions of the observed patients are considered based on the identified neurological syndromes.