Inflammatory diseases of the paranasal sinuses are one of the most actual problems of modern otorhinolaryngology. Statistics show that one in eight people have ever suffered rhinosinusitis (13.4%). In the Russian Federation, 15 to 36% of patients admitted for treatment in ENT units are suffering from acute or chronic rhinosinusitis in the acute phase. [1] 10-20% of hospitalized patients with rhinosinusitis are in severe condition, while purulent-septic and intracranial complications are diagnosed in 3-5% of patients. [2] In several Russian regions, inpatient mortality from purulent intracranial complications of rhinosinusitis reaches 10--17%. [3]

40 patients with acute purulent maxillary sinusitis underwent examination and treatment. This clinical trial demonstrated safety and efficacy of Dioxidine in punctures for acute purulent maxillary sinusitis.

The article describes the specific antibacterial, fungicidal and antiviral mechanisms of silver-based drugs and reasons for the demand for the group of drugs in the modern healthcare. The most widely used silver-based drugs, Collargol and Protargol, their use in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the nose in clinical practice are discussed in detail.

Rhinosinusitis is one of the most common human nosologies, which doctors of different specialties encounter in inpatient and outpatinet practice. According to statistics, every year in the United States up to 31 million people get sick with rhinosinusitis; in Russia, the figure is slightly lower - up to 10 million clinical cases, which is probably due to the lower number of patients seeking medical aid. In Europe, different forms of rhinosinusitis affect 5--15% of the adult population, while among children inflammation of the paranasal sinuses occurs in 21% of the population. [1-4]. Rhinosinusitis results in heavy economic burdens and financial costs associated with the diagnosis and treatment of the pathological process and temporary disability.

The problem of inflammatory diseases of the throat in children with a history of allergy is becoming more urgent each year. The number of children living in large cities and having an allergic disease is steadily increasing. This is primarily due to a dramatic deterioration of the environmental conditions, increased use of household chemicals, all kinds of food additives and colourants. An important role is also played by a variety of widely used drugs. In addition, increased incidence of infectious diseases is very harmful for the immune system of children, resulting in various types of allergic reactions.

Sore throat is the most common complaint of patients presenting to various clinical specialists. The most common causes of sore throat are infectious agents. Importantly, the inflammatory response may be initiated by not only classic pathogens but also representatives of the normal microflora of the oro- and hypopharynx which become pathogenic as a result of reduction of local resistance factors. [1, 2]

The article analyzes an approach to the choice of antibiotic therapy in the treatment of tonsillitis. Traditionally, β-hemolytic streptococcus is eradicated with penicillins. Underestimating the role of microorganisms causing exacerbation of tonsillitis can lead to ineffective antibiotic therapy. Staphylococcus aureus plays an important role in the recurrence of tonsillitis. Unprotected β-lactam antibiotics are not effective in the treatment as these bacteria produce β-lactamase. Amoxicillin in combination with clavulanic acid has bactericidal action and is effective against Staphylococcus aureus as a pathogen of frequently recurring tonsillitis.

The problem of LPR remains a challenge today: there is no clear definition of LPR, no single algorithm for the diagnosis or treatment of the disease. The article offers a current definition of LPR. The existing methods of diagnostics are carefully analyzed. The authors focus on clinical manifestations of LPR, mainly changes in the upper respiratory tract. The available conservative and surgical methods of LPR treatment are discussed. Two approaches of conservative treatment of LPR are considered. Reasons for failure of conservative treatment using only PPI drugs are discussed. The effectiveness of an integrated approach to conservative treatment of LPR is highlighted.

Sore throat is one of the most frequent complaints of patients presenting to ENT specialist or therapist. At the same time, pain may not always be unambiguously interpreted as tonsillitis or other inflammatory oropharyngeal disease. Alexander V. Gurov, Doctor of Medicine, Professor at the Department of Microbiology and Virology of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical Institute MH RF tells about the guidelines for differential diagnosis and the role of true diagnosis which eventually allows to choose the adequate treatment for painful sensations in the throat

Antibacterial drugs for the treatment of sore throat in children are prescribed too often, whereas many of these prescriptions are rather unjustified. Systemic antibiotic therapy is really imperative only for diseases caused by streptococci. In other cases of non-specific infectious and inflammatory pathologies of the oral cavity and pharynx it is recommended to use local antibacterial, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of patients with inflammatory diseases of the outer ear remain relevant for the modern otorhinolaryngology. Reduction in the overall reactivity of the organism and local immunity factors against a background of environmental degradation, as well as widespread and largely unjustified administration of antibiotics, antiseptics or hormonal medications, contribute to the steady growth of diseases of the outer ear.

Allergic rhinitis is the most common chronic disease in childhood. Its prevalence varies greatly in different regions of the world: in some countries it is on the rise, while in others the incidence of rhinitis is falling. Meanwhile, the pathology is associated with a significant reduction in the quality of life of children, high treatment costs, and is also the most critical risk factor for asthma. The aim of the research was to conduct epidemiological studies to evaluate decade-long dynamics of allergic rhinitis in children of Irkutsk city.

Currently, allergic diseases are very widespread, and their incidence is increasing at an alarming pace worldwide. [1] According to different authors, from 20 to 50% of the population in European countries suffer from allergic diseases. Large-scale epidemiological studies demonstrated that 20% of the population at least once in their lives had acute urticaria. [2, 3

The article discusses the feasibility of endonasal surgical approach for cystic lesions in the maxillary sinus. A comprehensive study of 102 patients with chronic cystic sinusitis was conducted to evaluate anatomical and morphological characteristics of the ostiomeatal complex. CT scans of the PNS were studied using vector analysis measuring the lumen of ethmoid infundibulum and diameter of the natural maxillary ostium, and a histological examination of the mucous membrane structures of the ostiomeatal complex was undertaken. The study found that lesions in the mucosa of ethmoid infundibulum and the natural maxillary ostium are chronic with prevalence of sclerotic changes. At the same time, alongside the whole complex communication system between the sinus and nasal cavity there is a lumen 1,31 ± 0,03 mm in the area of ethmoid infundibulum, and 2,09 ± 0,02 mm in the natural ostium (ρ <0,01) .

There is no clear algorithm for the treatment of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome today. We conducted a study that included 44 patients c OSA: 20 patients with I-III degree tonsillar hypertrophy, those without soft palate hypertrophy (group I) and 24 patients with I - III degree tonsillar hypertrophy combined with soft palate hypertrophy. According to the cardiorespiratory sleep study, a positive result was achieved in all patients operated for I-III degree tonsillar and kion hypertrophy.

Today, congenital cleft lip and palate (CCLP) is the most common congenital malformation of the maxillofacial area. According to different authors, the incidence of the defect among infants is 1 per 500--1000 depending on the region. In most cases, CCUPP is not difficult to diagnose; it is detected in the maternity hospital, and child with its parents is sent to a specialized institution for surgical treatment. However, there is a type of isolated cleft palate which may be very difficult to diagnose due to absence of evident defect of the palate. This is hidden (submucosal) congenital cleft palate. [1, 7].

Currently, there is a steady increase in the number of patients with subglottic laryngeal stenosis of various etiologies. The most common etiological factors for subglottic laryngeal stenosis are postintubation changes and systemic diseases. [2] Subglottic laryngeal stenosis is caused by pathological processes resulting in stable tissue infiltration and edema, formation of scar tissue in place of normal structures and lumen narrowing leading to respiratory failure. [1]

The most common causes of respiratory diseases are acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI). According to the World Health Organization, every adult suffers from ARVI twice a year, while an average child gets sick 3 times more often. Each year in Russia, temporary disability of the adult population as a result of ARVI equalss 25-30% of the total temporary disability causing a great economic damage. Patients with ARVI are the main clients of outpatient clinics. Reducing the incidence of ARVI and the period of temporary disability can only be achieved in case of early detection and, most importantly, as a result of optimum treatment for this category of patients. [1]

Taking into account differential diagnosis and anti-cough therapies, the article considers some ENT diseases that can cause acute or long-term cough: laryngitis, laryngeal paresis, functional hypotonic dysphonia, and postnasal syndrome. Clinical manifestations of extraesophageal reflux and its role in the development of pharyngeal and laryngeal diseases are described. The role of antitussive drugs for diseases of upper respiratory tract is considered.

The article tells about proliferative processes in the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses in dysosmia; cytochemical signs of olfactory disorders in the most common rhinological diseases are studied.

The functional and aesthetic role of nasal septum is indisputable. Normally, as the main supporting structure of the nose, nasal septum ensures support and stability of the structure of external nose and its position in relation to the central vertical axis of the face. Deviated septum is quite a common disorder among population. According to the literature, up to 96.5% of the population have a deviated nasal septum of a certain degree. [2, 6, 16, 22--23] Deviated septum can often lead both to difficulty in nasal breathing and to aesthetic complaints, mainly on various deviations of the arch and/or tip of the nose. In single cases, it is possible to mitigate deformation of the external nose and nasal breathing disorders after correction of deviated septum. However, in view of the interrelationship between deformations of the external nose and nasal septum, we find it unacceptable to manage the deformations separately, especially in terms of secondary rhinoplasty.