In ischemic stroke (IS) patients, preventive actions against recurrent IS are required on a permanent basis, including lifestyle changes, medication therapy (antihypertensive, antiplatelet and statin drugs) and, in some patients, surgical treatment (carotid endarterectomy, or stenting). Depending on the type of the neurological disorder, various rehabilitation programs are indicated which in most cases require physical and mental activation of the patient and can be combined with various medicines (treatment of spasticity, depression, cognitive impairment). Results of multicenter, placebo-controlled studies on the efficacy and safety of citicoline (Ceraxon) for IS are presented. Citicoline is said to have a definite advantage over other drugs commonly used in this country for acute IS and in the recovery period.

Currently, arterial hypertension (AH) and atherosclerosis are the most significant risk factors for cerebral complications including ischemic stroke, which requires adequate therapeutic interventions for primary and secondary prevention [1].

Prevention of ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the most pressing healthcare issues, especially in this country, where IS morbidity and mortality are high. The article is a review of literature on secondary prevention of IS in patients after stroke or transient ischemic attack. Recent guidelines for the secondary prevention of IS proposed by the American Heart Association and the American Stroke Association in 2014 are described. Up-to-date methods of secondary prevention of IS will significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality rates in this country.

The article tells about current approaches to diagnosis and treatment of vascular cognitive impairment. The focus is on the administration of neurometabolic medicines.

The article is devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of vascular cognitive impairment of different severity. The focus is on medication and non-medication therapeutic methods that have proven effective in large studies. There is data on the effectiveness of naftidrofuryl in vascular cognitive impairment.

The article is devoted to certain issues in the treatment of neurodegenerative dementias. The effectiveness of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and drugs from other pharmacological groups, as well as combination therapy with inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and choline alfoscerate, is highlighted.

The article is a review of literature on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations of cognitive impairment in vascular pathology of the brain, as well as criteria for differential diagnosis of vascular and neurodegenerative cognitive impairment. Symptomatic and pathogenetic treatment of post-stroke cognitive impairment is discussed.

A definite progress has been achieved in the treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis so far. However, first-line MS disease-modifying medications (MSDMM) do not always contribute to the stabilization of the autoimmune process. Second-line medications, including natalizumab, are successfully used for aggressive, hard-to-treat forms of multiple sclerosis. Given the potential risks of opportunistic infection in natalizumab therapy, a risk stratification scheme for progressive multifocal encephalopathy (PME) was developed. Strict adherence to the algorithm of MS treatment allows to minimize the risk of complications and successfully manage the hard-to-treat manifestations.