The article tells about current diagnostic criteria for the syndrome of functional dyspepsia; major clinical variants of the disease and the process; modern algorithm revealing the main stages of diagnosis and treatment of patients with functional dyspepsia in clinical practice. The role of eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in multimodal treatment of functional dyspepsia is highlighted.

The literature review tells about current views on the clinical and molecular aspects of antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Today, the growing number of H. pylori strains resistant to the first-line regimens is considered to be the main reason of treatment failure. In the total global population, incidence of drug-resistant strains of H. pylori varies greatly across different geographic areas and correlates with the total frequency of antibiotics intake by the corresponding population. Latest global consensus recommendations regulate a differential choice strategy in selecting eradication therapy. The choice should take into account the level of resistance of H. pylori to clarithromycin, as this type of resistance has greatest clinical significance.

Acid-dependent disorders (ADD) account for a significant proportion of diseases of the digestive system. The prevalence of ADD in the global population (40-50%) [1, 12] and high incidence of serious complications that lead to disability determine the relevance of this problem. Antacids are among effective treatments used in ADD therapy. The article tells about main pharmacological properties of antacids and provides data on the role of modern combined antacids.

Gastroduodenal bleeding may complicate a variety of diseases of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and hepatopancreatobiliary system. Patient's life ultimatley depends on how well a clinician is informed in modern diagnosis methods and how capable he/she is of making an adequate treatment choice [1].

Viral hepatitis C is one of the most pressing global health issues. Infection caused by hepatitis C virus is often latent with minimal clinical manifestations, chracterized by high probability of chronization. Hepatitis C is often diagnosed incidentally; in many cases patients are underdiagnosed. Currently available serological (determining the spectrum of hepatitis C antibodies) and molecular tests (qualitative and quantitative detection of HCV RNA, genotyping) provide for early detection of HCV infection, defining the need for antiviral therapy, evaluation of its effectiveness and chances of achieving a sustained response to treatment. The problem of diagnosing latent hepatitis C is highlighted.

The article tells about drugs that most often cause undesirable hepatotoxic effects, mechanisms of drug-induced lesions and morphological changes in the liver; the principles of diagnosis and treatment of drug-induced liver disease; characteristics of drug groups commonly used in the correction of lesions.

The article highlights alcoholic liver disease manifested in steatosis/steatohepatitis/fibrosis, which further transforms into cirrhosis of the liver. The pathogenetic mechanisms of alcohol-induced lesions of the liver leading to steatosis/steatohepatitis are described. Section on the treatment of alcoholic steatohepatitis provides a review of current data on the use of drugs supported by strong evidence and recommendations. The authors also share results of their own research on quality of life and impact of somatic complaints in patients with different types of fatty liver disease.

Hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson-Konovalov disease or hepatolenticular disease) is a rare hereditary disease caused by impaired copper metabolism and copper accumulation in the liver and, subsequently, in other organs. The disease primarily affects the liver and the central nervous system (lentil nuclei, cortex and subcortex) and is manifested in brown-green pigmentation around the cornea and in kidney lesions.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a comorbidity of diseases of various etiology characterized by a common pathologic phenomenon: fatty infiltration of the liver parenchyma followed by aseptic inflammation and subsequent fibrogenesis. In general practice, primary NAFLD is a valuable early marker of diabetes mellitus type 2 and high cardiovascular risk. It also predicts insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in patients with morbid general or visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome. Given the clinical and social importance of CVD, early diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD require a joint effort from doctors of all profiles.

The gastrointestinal tract of a healthy person contains up to 200 ml of gas. Normal nutrition (including 200 g of baked beans) provides for evacuation through the rectum of about 600 - 700 ml of gas - a mixture of hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

According to the WHO, the term acute intestinal infection (AII) unites a number of diseases with diarrheal syndrome. Clinical forms are represented by more than 30 nosologic entities; agents include bacteria, viruses and protozoa.

A brief review is devoted to various aspects of colorectal cancer screening aimed at detection at early stages in risk groups.

The etiology of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) is unknown, and their pathogenesis is being studied. The process, treatment methods and outcomes of the diseases are very similar, while their morphological differences are mainly quantitative. These may be different forms of the same ulcerative lesion of the colon.

Bacteriophages are unique micro-organisms on the basis of which a class of healthcare products with specific properties was created. The underlying natural physiological mechanisms of interaction between bacteria and phages promise an infinite variety of future bacteriophages and their possible application. With the collection of bacteriophages growing, the range of target pathogens will definitely be expanded, as well as the spectrum of diseases in which phages can be used as a monotheapy or as a component of complex treatment regimens.

Constipation is part of the general concept of dyspepsia, which, in infants, means indigestion incompatible with their age and food composition, and in adults - eating disorders leading to diarrhea or constipation. While recurring diarrhea is normally easily explained (food poisoning, gastroenteritis, colitis), the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic constipation is largely unclear, making its treatment a challenge for gastroenterology and coloproctology specialists.

The term chronic pancreatitis (CP) is used to denote a group of chronic diseases of the pancreas of various etiology, predominantly inflammatory, with several phases of progress, and characterized by focal, segmental or diffuse degenerative and destructive changes in the exocrine component, atrophy of glandular components (pancreocytes) and their replacement by connective (fibrous) tissue; changes in the pancreatic ductal system, formation of cysts and stones, with varying degree of exocrine and endocrine insufficiency. Over the past 30 years, the number of patients with CP doubled. While methods of diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis have improved, there is also an increase in alcohol consumption in some countries and a stronger impact of adverse environmental factors that weaken protective mechanisms of the body. Besides, CP has become much "younger". The average age of patients first diagnosed with CP decreased from 50 to 39 years; the percentage of women increased by 30%. The incidence of alcoholic pancreatitis rose from 40 to 75%.

The article considers the problem of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, analyzes the main etiopathogenic aspects and risk factors such as obesity, insulin resistance and other. The treatment regimen with pathogenically relevant drugs, including the new generation hepatorpotectors, is discussed.

Recently, functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract are increasingly attracting the attention of specialists. According to numerous epidemiological studies, functional disorders of the digestive system occur in up to 50-60% of adults and 30-40% of children seeking gastroenterologist's help. The article highlights current diagnosis criteria and adequate evaluation of clinical manifestations of functional dyspepsia as one of the most pressing problems for gastroenterology. Management of patients with FD is a time-consuming process involving lifestyle changes and rational pharmacotherapy, which includes drugs with different mechanisms of action.

According to current standards, treatment of peptic ulcer disease in a majority of patients requires eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Latest antibiotics can achieve a high degree of eradication; however, clinical efficacy of treatment is determined not only by the effectiveness of eradication, epithelization of the ulcer, elimination of other symptoms of the disease, and the prognosis, but also by absence of side effects of the treatment.

Liver diseases of various origin are a common cause of morbidity and mortality. The pathogenetic mechanism of hepatocyte damage consists in the destruction of the membrane structure in a certain way. It is recommended to use drugs exhibiting revitalizing and regenerating effect on the structure and function of cell membranes and inhibiting their destruction. A new generation phospholipid drug with proven hepatoprotective and cholesterol-minimizing action, Rezalut® is effective in liver lesions of various etiology.

The role of certain risk factors in the development of stress lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, and the efficacy of current preventive measures for patients before complex surgery were evaluated. The most damaging risk factors were identified: artificial ventilation and artificial circulation during a long period of time, postoperative sepsis and DIC syndrome. The most important anamnestic factors are recurrent peptic ulcer disease and chronic erosive gastroduodenitis. The main methods of prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal complications are antisecretory therapy aimed at maintaining pH above 3.5 (up to 6.0), and gastroprotective therapy which increases resistance of the mucosal barrier.

Stratification of cardiovascular risk using the SCORE method in presumably healthy working age males with fat metabolism disorder