Throughout its long history, healthcare was constantly forced to follow the path of mistakes and errors. However, the desire of many doctors to understand the essence of the problem and their ability to analyze the consequences of specific medical decisions contributed to a significant progress. The healthcare history of iodine confirms that.

Acute respiratory infection is the most common disease of preschool and school-age children. The article tells about the causes and initiating agents of recurrent acute respiratory infections in children. There is an overview of Russian clinical studies of the efficacy of interferonogens among sickly children, which can be used in children for non-specific prevention and treatment of acute respiratory infections as monotherapy or combination therapy.

Influenza and SARS are still one of the most urgent health and social problems of our society because of the high proportion in infectious disease, the risk of severe complications, acute exacerbations of chronic diseases [1], making up 90% of all infections [3].

Respiratory infections remain a challenge in pediatrics because of their high prevalence and economic burden both for individuals and society as a whole, as they account for 60 to 90% of all infectious diseases in children among infectious diseases. They are recorded everywhere and all year round, reaching epidemic proportions during the seasonal morbidity rise from October to March. Although the majority of acute respiratory infections (ARI) are mild course and cause no complications, they impair well being of children and hinder their daily activities [3].

The term attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is not quite accurate. By ADHD we mean that the patient can not focus on what is relevant and is distracted by irrelevant detail. In fact, people with ADHD are often obsessed with several issues without being able to focus on a single object.

The article tells about the current principles of comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders in children. Instrumental (polysomnography) and clinical types of diagnosis of sleep disorders in children (insomnia and parasomnia), especially obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, are discussed in detail. Modern aspects of non-drug and drug treatment of sleep disorders in childhood are considered. Pantogam proved to be one of the most efficient and safe drugs used in the treatment of sleep disorders in children. Diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders is a complex issue; the variety of causes of sleep disorders need to be considered, as well as the mechanisms of its regulation. A comprehensive differentiated approach is required in order to improve the efficacy of treatment and the quality of life of children and their families.

It is common knowledge that from the cellular level upwards all vital functions of the body represent a continuous chain of adaptive reactions based on the use of energy. The leading element in non-specific mechanisms of adaptation is stress reaction [1]. In the early stages of stress development, the electrical activity of limbic-reticular structures of the brain changes first, followed by the activation of somatovegetative reactions [2].

The article describes the most common mistakes made by doctors in the diagnosis and treatment of asthma in children, solutions and principles of rational treatment of the disease

The article summarizes current evidence on the role of leukotrienes in the pathogenesis of asthma in children and antileukotriene drugs in the treatment of the disease. Indications and prospects for the use of montelukast in the treatment of bronchial asthma in children are defined.

Asthma is a topical issue in pediatrics and clinical medicine in general. Asthma in children reduces the quality of life and may cause disability. According to official statistics, the total number of children and adolescents with asthma in Russia is over 350 thousand. The introduction of uniform criteria of severity and elective therapy changed the severity pattern of asthma towards increased incidence of mild and moderate forms. The proportion of critically ill patients, their disability and mortality decreased.

The choice of antibiotic drug for purulent complications of infectious mononucleosis in children in an outpatient setting is limited by the requirement for oral administration. The clinical observation showed that antibiotic therapy with Sumamed® is comparable with cephalexin in terms of efficacy but has a higher safety profile. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of Sumamed®, lowest-frequency administration and lowest duration of the course may increase patients' adherence to antibiotic therapy.

The article tells about the key etiopathogenic mechanisms of atopic dermatitis in children. The rationale for topical anti-inflammatory therapy with new generation topical glucocorticosteroids (Advantan) is demonstrated.

Intestinal colic, along with regurgitation and irregular bowel movements, is included in the definition of functional bowel disorder in infants during the first months of life. The type of the disorder with varying intensity and duration is found in almost 90% of young children. By the age of 3--4 months they almost completely disappear. However, the problem remains a concern for pediatricians, neonatologists, gastroenterologists and neurologists, given the lack of a common understanding of the mechanism of formation and treatment of intestinal dysfunction in infants.

Enzyme preparations are commonly used in pediatric practice. Enzymes play a relevant role in replacement and symptomatic therapy of chronic pancreatitis accompanied by exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.

As acute respiratory infections (ARI) are quite common in children, pediatricians have to prescribe drugs and substances which are safer but not less effective. Fusafungine deserves particular attention: the use of the substance is particularly effective in the treatment of sickly children, as evidenced by the results of the studies reviewed in the article.