The problem of oral candidiasis is topical for the adult population and children due to frequent recurrence, the presence of a large number of predisposing factors, lack of compliance with hygienic measures for the care of the oral cavity. The most common causative agent of oral candidiasis is the fungi C. albicans. The article discusses the risk factors for the development of this disease taking into account age-related factors, provides clinical morphological characteristics of acute and chronic forms of oral candidiasis. Local causal treatment of isolated candidal lesions of the oral cavity by 1% solution of clotrimazole (Candid) is effective both in children and adults. Preventive care after the course etiotropic therapy are aimed at reducing the number of relapses of oral candidiasis.

The article introduces the main mechanisms for developing an allergic reaction, and describes the main clinical manifestations of allergic rhinitis. The basic principles of therapy are covered. Special attention is paid to the use of the Vibrocil combination drug, which contains dimethindene blocking H1-histamine receptors and phenylephrine

Probiotics have long been considered not only as a way of correcting intestinal dysbiosis but also as a promising immunomodulatory solution. Over the past years, the evidence base for their effectiveness in the prevention and treatment of immuneassociated human diseases has substantially increased, the previously described mechanisms were specified and new components of the immunocorrective effect of probiotic bacteria, including those belonging to the genus Lactobacillus, have been deciphered. The meta-analytical findings and systematic reviews leave no doubt about the advisability of using certain probiotics, primarily Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), in children for the treatment and prevention of various forms of acute diarrhea, including those associated with the administration of antibacterial agents, as well as for the prevention of respiratory infections. The results of testing the strain to be used as an adjuvant vaccine and a way of preventing atopic dermatitis are encouraging. The review analyzes the specific characteristics of present-day children who are more susceptible to allergic and infectious diseases, effector molecules of lactobacilli and signaling pathways that ensure their immunomodulatory effect, the main areas of therapeutic and preventive application and safety of probiotics, with a focus on LGG as one of the most studied and tested strains. In addition, the clinical efficacy of the synbiotic Normobakt L, a combination of LGG (4 × 109) plus fructooligosaccharides (800 mg),which has been approved in Russia for use in children with rotavirus infection against a background of atopic dermatitis, is demonstrated

This article discusses the place and role of an allergen-specific immunotherapy in the treatment of allergic diseases. It provides an action mechanism, indications for use, contraindications, and side effects of an allergen-specific immunotherapy. A comparison of different methodologies for an allergen-specific immunotherapy was made. The advantages of sublingual allergen-specific
immunotherapy in paediatric practice were demonstrated. Provides data on the efficiency and safety of pollinosis sublingual immunotherapy with sensitization to grass

Objective of the Review: Illustrate the use of antihistamines in the treatment of allergic diseases in children.
Key Points: Due to the increasing frequency of occurrence of allergic diseases in the population, including among children, the questions of approaches to therapy and the choice of effective and safe drugs acquire particular urgency. Today the usual drugs of choice are antihistamines of the second generation. Their efficacy was proven over the years, and a large amount of data on
their use has been accumulated. They have firmly occupied their niche in the pharmacotherapy of allergic diseases. And yet antihistamines of the first generation still find their use in certain clinical situations in pediatrics.
Conclusion: This article is devoted to the review of the first generation of antihistamines and their use in pediatric practice.

Children are at risk of recurrent respiratory infections compared to other age groups. Recurrence of respiratory infections can lead to the formation of chronic foci of inflammation, persistence of viruses, disruption of physical and psychomotor development. That often leads to inappropriate prescription of antibiotics for the treatment of ARI and the formation of antibiotic resistance, sensitization and failure to prevent complications. The situation demands searching for alternative strategies for the treatment of recurrent ARIs. The limiting factor in the use of vaccines is the presence of hundreds of different viral serotypes, thus making it impossible to create a vaccine against each individual pathogen. Therefore, the crucial role in the prevention of recurrent ARI belongs to bacterial lysates which improve nonspecific immunity

The authors raise the question of the role of goat milk in the nutrition of infants. The properties of goat milk and its difference from cow milk are discussed. The authors share experience in the prescription of goat milk formula, give examples from their own practice

In this article the authors provide a detailed description of anatomic and physicological peculiarities of the newborn children, the role of the vernix caseosa, a group of premature children is described as a separate group. Examples of skin pathology development risk factors, ways to prevent them and first aid measures are provided

Currently coeliac disease is considered as a systemic immune-mediated disease occurring in genetically predisposed persons in regular gluten consumption. Extraintestinal manifestations of the disease, including various neurologic disturbances have the significant specific weight in a complex of gluten-dependent coeliac disease symptoms. The article provides a review of the literature data on frequency and clinical peculiarities of various neurological manifestations of the coeliac disease, and possible pathogenetic mechanisms of the central and peripheral nervous system lesion are considered

Circadian rhythms and the mechanisms of sleep and wakefulness begin to form in the embryonic period and undergo many stages of development before acquire characteristics typical for an adult. Structure of sleep disturbances in children also differs from that in the adult population. Most sleep disorders in children are the result of immaturity of certain brain structures and mechanisms: primary sleep disorders, pediatric behavioral insomnia, sleepwalking, night terrors, enuresis. These disorders are benign, and usually disappear by adulthood. Treatment of benign sleep disorders in children should primarily be based on the methods of behavioral therapy, the rules of sleep hygiene and the purpose of light sedation.

The scientific article contains the results of the review of modern domestic and foreign literature. Risk factors data of follicular cysts of the jaws in children are generalized. Relevant points of individual risk factors, and the influence of their combination on the event of follicular cysts are reviewed. There was made a conclusion about the absence of the chief, leader factor, which
conduces the evolution of follicular cysts. The necessity of further study of multifactorial pathogenesis. This will help to develop identifying criteria of persons with risk for the evolution of follicular cysts of the jaws, the necessity and the principles of prevention and screening for early detection of abnormalities are pointed

The article tells about the use, efficacy and safety of vasoconstrictive and irrigation medications in children with inflammatory diseases of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

The literature review presents information about a new respiratory pathogen that was discovered in the beginning of the XXI century, the metapneumovirus, epidemiological and clinical features of diseases caused by them and data on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of this disease are provided. Attention is drawn to the frequent combined course of metapneumoviruses infection with other respiratory infections

The majority of respiratory diseases have viral etiology, and they do not require antibacterial therapy since it does not affect the course of the disease, does not reduce the incidence of bacterial complications. The causes of tonsillitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia are bacterial pathogens, such as Streptococcus pyogenes (group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus), Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Haemophilus influenza, S. aureus and Moraxella catarrhalis. Home treatment of children remains a global challenge, as it may be the cause of an unfavorable outcome in young children, and, therefore, the issues of diagnostics and rational antibiotic therapy are still relevant. Irrational use of antibiotics can promote growth of resistance of bacterial pathogens, increase the frequency of adverse reactions of therapy and increase the cost of treatment

The high resistance of infectious agents to antibiotics that doctors currently face in therapy of acute and chronic diseases, especially in ENT-practice makes it possible for experts to search for alternative paths and to select drugs with a broad spectrum of action. These include colloid silver based drugs with proven microbicidal, virucidal and local protective and anti-inflammatory properties

Nasal hyper-reactivity (NG) is a clinical phenomenon manifested by increased individual sensitivity of the nasal mucosa to factors that do not cause symptoms in healthy people. The concept of nasal hyperreactivity is accepted in the world literature and implies increased reactivity of the nasal mucosa caused by various physical, chemical or pharmacological stimuli [1, 2]. Nasal hyper-reactivity is found in 86% of children with bronchial asthma.

This article provides the data on frequency, clinical manifestations, diagnostics and therapy of children with the inflammatory pathology of the middle ear cavity. The early diagnosis of the pathology and timely indicated therapy precondition prevention of development of complications and
the process becoming chronic

Diagnosis of bronchial asthma (BA) for babies in the first years of life is of particular interest in the practice of paediatric pulmonologist, as there is currently no reliable diagnostics, including functional criteria, to verify the disease at this age. The purpose of the study was to find additional clinical and functional criteria to forecast the formation of BA in early childhood.
The study found that children who had undergone acute obstructive bronchitis (AOB) against the background of the perinatal CNS involvement (PCNSI), and consequently having pathoreceptor disorders and variability of the heart rate, had a longer and heavier period of AOB. It has been shown that the presence of PCNSI is an unfavourable factor in the prediction of repeat
episodes of AOB and development of BA. As a result of the follow-up study and the ROC analysis, additional criteria for the projection of BA in early childhood were identified, taking into account the functional state of the respiratory and vegetative nervous system. The additional criteria developed for the projection of BA in young children, together with the clinical and disease history data can contribute to early diagnosis of the BA, which has an important clinical significance for the timely delivery of curative and preventive measures

Adequate choice and use of antitussive therapy in pediatrics presupposes knowing at least the two key aspects: causes of cough and the specific mechanism of the cough reflex in children, as well as the mechanisms of action of antitussive drugs used. The need for the treatment of cough as such, that is, prescription of the so-called antitussive drugs, arises mainly in children with nonproductive, dry, persistent cough. Central antitussives suppress the function of the cough center in the medulla oblongata or other associated nerve centers of the brain. The antitussive drug butamirate, often used in children, selectively affects the cough center, does not cause respiratory depression, has an extremely low incidence of side effects, remains effective in prolonged therapy, and starts to exert its maximum effect after the first application

The functional abdominal pain in children and teenagers is characterized by a wide range of manifestations, doesn’t belong to the separate nosologic form, has clinical, prognostic importance and supports interest of internists to diagnostics and therapy. Taking into account a great variety of signs of the process systemic nature in children it’s reasonable to examine patients with the abdominal pain as a complex. The accurate syndrome diagnosis that determines the necessity and strategy of treatment is of paramount importance for pediatric practice whereas the task of the doctor is the choice of the drug with the maximum therapeutic and minimum toxic potential

Acute intestinal infections of viral etiology are among the most common groups of infectious diseases in childhood. The wide prevalence, instable immunity, high incidence of mixed infections result in a sustainably high incidence rate; this, in combination with a significant proportion of moderate to severe forms, is a heavy burden for the national health care. The article provides key data on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical pattern and treatment of the group of diseases

The physical and neurological development of children born to mothers with gestation diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a matter of research interest. We examined 28 children whose mothers were diagnosed with GDM, in the newborn period and at 6 months. By the parameters of physical development at birth the number of children with outstripping development and the average body mass index (BMI) was predominant and by the end of the first semester of life most of the children had the values of the average parameters specified above, that is, normal for that age, range, but the proportion of the deficient BMI remained unchanged. Insulin therapy during pregnancy had no significant impact on the frequency characteristics of children with physical development disorders. The neurological disorders of the six-month-old children born of women with gestation diabetes mellitus and non-targeted metabolic control were more severely represented by sensory sphere disturbances and interaction with subjects; to a lesser extent - by emotional and voice development. The children of this group had the minimum disturbances in the development of the motor sphere.

The article provides statistical data on the size and composition of the population of the Republic of Mordovia, their customs and historical facts about the living conditions. The focus is on pregnancy, childbirth and feeding of young children taking into account the national characteristics

Hereditary deficiency of the alpha-1-antitrypsin occupies a leading position among the causes of chronic nonspecific lung diseases with emphysema formation. Deficiency of alpha-1-antitrypsin is a potentially fatal hereditary disease, under-diagnosed by physicians of various specialities. The authors familiarize pediatricians with this hereditary disease, difficulties of its diagnosis and treatment. There are presented own author`s data on the diagnosis and the experience of the enzyme replacement therapy of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency with the drug INN «Alpha-1 antitrypsin human» (Respikam).

Th article provides data on frequency of acute infectious diseases among children, the attention is focused on the frequently ungrounded choice of the therapeutic tactics with use of antibacterial, antiviral or antihistamine drugs, which leads to intensification of the polypragmasy trend. Authors described in detail the issue of dehydration syndrome development in children in various
pathologic states, reasons of occurrence of this state and ways to correct liquid deficiency with the help of the oral rehydratation

The article tells about the anatomical and physiological specifics of the skin of infants and the use of dermatological products for gentle care for sensitive skin. Preclinical and clinical findings on the use of a skin care series are demonstrated

Hypersensitive pneumonitis (HP) is an interstitial lung disease occuring in childhood. This article demonstrates own long-running monitoring of a girl with HP at the age of 8. The development of the disease is linked to the home ecology. The diagnosis was based on data from the history, clinical symptoms with respiratory deficiency and crepitating wheezing in the lungs, characteristic
functional and X-ray manifestations; it was proved by detection in the plasma of the blood of specific immunoglobulins of class G to cause-significant allergens. Elimination interventions and adequate treatment have enabled positive dynamics to be achieved during the disease

Schoolchildren and their state of health, in particular, deficiencies, deserve no less attention than children of early age, while the recognition of the existence of inadequate vitamin D sufficiency in children of all age groups has not yet led to the introduction of mass prophylaxis for hypovitaminosis D. There are a number of factors determining the concentration of 25(OH)D-calcidiol in the blood. However, it is obvious that among many factors one should focus on several most significant and develop a scheme for correcting deficiency in each region.
Purpose: to assess vitamin D sufficiency in adolescents living in Moscow, to correct calcidiol status in adolescents on the basis of baseline concentration of the metabolite transported in the blood. Material and methods: 769 adolescents aged 11-18 years for whom 25(OH)D concentration in the blood was evaluated, then 218 patients were randomized into 2 groups: the study group received tableted dietary supplement Minisun® vitamin D3, the control
group received placebo. The dosage of cholecalciferol was defined based on the initial level of calcidiol in patients. The study continued for 6 months, then blood was re-sampled to determine the level of calcidiol.
Results: the study found low sufficiency with calcidiol among the schoolchildren: 25(OH)D median was 16.3 [11.4-20.8] ng/ml, only 5.2% of patients had normal concentration of calcidiol in the blood. At the second examination, positively significant differences in the status of vitamin D were observed in the study compared to the control group, while patients in the study group,
against a background of cholecalciferol donation, demonstrated 25(OH)D median increase from 16.2 [12.25-19.3] ng/ml to 24.2 [21.05-26.4] ng/ml (p <0.001) .
Conclusions: a large proportion of the child population (70.6%) have a concentration of 25(OH)D <20 ng/ml. The doses of cholecalciferol used in the study make it possible to eliminate the deficiency of calcidiol and to overcome the threshold of 20 ng/ml, but in order to normalize vitamin D status in the blood of adolescents living in Moscow, it is necessary to use higher dosages that need to be confirmed by further research.

the function of recognizing EBV-infected cells is lost, conditions are created for their unlimited proliferation with the possibility of forming benign and malignant neoplasms of lymphoid, epithelial and mesenchymal origin. Hodgkin’s lymphoma is extremely rare in children younger than 5 years old. A feature of the presented case of EBV-associated Hodgkin’s lymphoma is an early
manifestation of the disease on the background of the absence of classic markers of EBV-infection. Verification of the diagnosis was possible only on the basis of immunohistochemical research.

The article shares the results of a follow-up of children with Alagille syndrome in the first year of life and signs of neonatal cholestasis. Diagnostic criteria of ultrasonic kidney changes in children with Alagille syndrome and their relationship with biochemical parameters of blood serum are defined. The authors tell about a new method of ultrasound kidney examination using conventional technique involving a linear high-frequency transducer, which contributes to early diagnosis of the disease