BOTULINUM IN MODERN UROLOGY

The advent of botulinum toxin (BT) in healthcare has revolutionized the treatment of several diseases and the aesthetic medicine. Botulinum toxin is a powerful neurotoxin with a paralytic/muscle relaxant effect. The most potent substance has been successfully used for the treatment of pathological conditions that can not be effectively managed and provide a stable effect with other known methods. Many disorders of the lower urinary tract function are associated with muscle hypertonia or spasms and can be treated with accurate infiltration of BT in the concerned area. Treatment of idiopathic overactive bladder using BT is also effective and safe. Efficacy and safety of BT administration for neurogenic and idiopathic DO were investigated and confirmed in large multicenter trials.

1. Montecucco C, Molgo J. Botulinal neurotoxins: revival of an old killer. Current option in pharmacology, 2005, 5(3): 274-9.

2. Kerner J. Neue beobachtungen uber die in Wurttemberg so haufig vorfalenden todlichen Vergiftungen durch den Genuss geraucherter Wurst. 1820, Tubingen: Osiander.

3. Frank JE. Historical notes on botulism. Clostridium botulinum, botulinum toxin, and the idea of the therapeutic use of the toxin. Movement Disorders, 2004, 19(S8): S2-S6.

4. Александров В.Н., Емельянов В.И. Токсины как химическое оружие. Отравляющие вещества. Ред. Сокольский Г.А. 2-е изд. М.: Воениздат, 1990. 272 с. / Alexandrov V.N., Emelyanov V.I. Toxins as chemical weapons. Toxic substances. Ed. by Sokolsky G.A. 2nd ed. М.: Voenizdat, 1990. 272 p.

5. DasGupta BR. Structures of botulinum neurotoxin, its functional domains, and perspectives on the crystalline type A toxin (1994). In: Jankovic J, Hallett M (eds) Therapy with botulinum toxin. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 15-39.

6. Aoki KR. Pharmacology and immunology of botulinum toxin serotypes. J Neurol, 2001, 248(Suppl 1): 3-10.

7. Barinaga M. Secrets of secretion revealed. Science, 1993, 260: 487.

8. Schiavo G, Rossetto O, Santucci A et al. Botulinum neurotoxins are zinc proteins. J Biol Chem, 1992, 267: 23479.

9. Schiavo G, Santucci A, Dasgupta BR, Mehta PP, Jontes J, Benfenati F, Wilson MC, Montecucco C. Botulinum neurotoxins serotypes A and E cleave SNAP-25 at distinct COOHterminal peptide bonds. FEBS Lett, 1993, 335: 99-103.

10. Purves D et al. Autonomic Regulation of the Bladder. Neuroscience. 2nd edition. 2001. 11. Apostolidis A et al. Decreased sensory receptors P2X3 and TRPV1 in suburothelial nerve

11. ers following intra-detrusor injections of botulinum toxin for human detrusor overactivity. Eur Urol 2006, 49: 644-50.

12. Grazko MA, Polo KB, Jabbari B. Botulinum toxin A for spasticity, muscle spasms and rigidity. Neurourology, 1995, 45: 712-717.

13. Jankovic J, Schwartz K, Donovan DT. Botulinum toxin in the treatment of cranial-cervical dystonias and hemifacial spasm. J Neurosurg Psychiatry, 1990, 53: 633-639.

14. Ботокс®*. Инструкция по медицинскому применению. / Botox®*. Instruction for use.

15. Schurch B, Stihrer M, Kramer G, Schmid DM, Gaul G, Hauri D. Botulinum-A toxin for treating detrusor hyperreflexia in spinal cord injured patients: A new alternative to anticholinergic drugs? Pleriminary results. J Urol, 2000, 164: 692-697.

16. Schurch B, Hauri D, Rodic B et al. Botulinum A toxin as a treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssinergia: a prospective study in 24 spinal cord injured patients. J Urol, 1996, 155: 1023-1029.

17. Phelan MW, Franks M, Somogyi GT et al. Botulinum toxin urethral sphincter injection to restore bladder empting in men and women with voiding dysfunction. J Urol, 2001, 165: 1107-1110.

18. Kuo HC. Prostate botulinum A toxin injection– an alternative treatment for benign prostatic obstruction in poor surgical candidates. Urology, 2005, 65(4): 670-674.

19. Maria G, Destito A, Lacquaniti S, Bentivoglio AR, Brisinda G, Albanese A. Relief by botulinum toxin of voiding dysfunction due to prostatitis. Lancet, 1998, 352(9128): 625.

20. Chancellor MB, Elovic E, Esquenazi A, Naumann H, Segal KR, Schiavo G, Smith CP, Ward AB. Evidence-based review and assessment of botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of urologic conditions. Toxicon, 2013, 67: 129-40.

21. Аполихин О.И., Ромих В.В., Иванова Г.Е. Рекомендации по ведению больных с нейрогенными нарушениями мочеиспускания. Экспериментальная и клиническая урология, 2010, 1(3): 1. / Apolikhin O.I., Romikh V.V., Ivanova G.E. Guidelines for the management of patients with neurogenic bladder disorders. Eksperimen talnaya i Klinicheskaya Urologiya, 2010, 1(3): 1.

22. Kaplan SA, Chancellor MB, Blaivas JG. Bladder and sphincter behavior in patients with spinal cord lesions. J Urol, 1991, 146(1): 113-117.

23. Lapides J, Diokno AC, Silber SJ, Lowe BS. Clean, intermittent self-catheterization in the treatment of urinary tract diseases. Trans Am Assoc Genitourin Surg, 1971, 63: 92-96.

24. Сивков А.В., Ромих В.В. Симптомы нарушения функции нижних мочевых путей: уродинамические аспекты. Consilium Medicum, 2006, 10. / Sivkov A.V., Romikh V.V. The symptoms of the lower urinary tract dysfunction: urodynamic aspects. Consilium Medicum, 2006, 10.

25. Cruz F, Nitti V. Chapter 5: Clinical data in neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) and overactive bladder (OAB). Neurourol Urodyn, 2014 Jul, Suppl 3: S26-31.

26. Del Popolo G, Filocamo MT, Li Marzi V, Macchiarella A, Cecconi F, Lombardi G, Nicita G. Neurogenic detrusor overactivity treated with English botulinum toxin A: 8-year experience of one single centre. Eur Urol, 2008, 53(5): 1013-1019.

27. Kalsi V, Apostolidis A, Gonzales G, Elneil S, Dasgupta P, Fowler CJ. Early effect on the overactive bladder symptoms following botulinum neurotoxin type A injections for detrusor overactivity. Eur Urol, 2008, 54(1): 181-187.

28. Abrams P, et al. eds. From the 5th ICI, Health Publication Ltd, 2013.

29. Stöhrer M. European Association of Urology. Guidelines on neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. 2009. Available from http://www. uroweb.org/fileadmin/tx_eauguidelines/2008/ Full/Neurogenic_LUTS.pdf. (Last accessed June 2011).

30. Pannek J et al. European Association of Urology. Guidelines on neurogenic lower urinary Tract dysfunction. 2011 (Last accessed January 2013).

31. Stewart WF, Van Rooyen JB, Cundiff GW, Abrams P, Herzog AR, Corey R, Hunt TL, Wein AJ. Prevalence and burden of overactive bladder in the United States. World J Urol, 2003, 20(6): 327-336.

32. Lucas MG et al. EAU guidelines on urinary incontinence. 2012. Available from http://www.uroweb. org/gls/pdf/18 (Last accessed February 2013).

33. NICE guideline. Urinary incontinence in women: the management of urinary incontinence in women. Draft for consultation. Available from http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/ live/13019/62658/62658.pdf. (Last accessed March 2013).