The article examines the choice of a group of antibacterial drugs for the treatment of ENT organs with uncomplicated infections in the practice of the otorhinolaryngologist. Described the principles of antibacterial therapy, resistance of the main pathogens of infections of ENT organs (Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis) to antibiotics of different groups: penicillins, cephalosporins of different generations, macrolides, respiratory fluoroquinolones. It is told about the patient’s compliance to the prescribed treatment, which has a great influence not only on the effectiveness of treatment, but also on the increase of antibiotic resistance in general. A group of cephalosporins of the third generation for oral administration (Cefixime) has some competitive advantages over other groups antibiotics: better adherence like as macrolides and high susceptibility of a wide range of bacteria, like as penicillins and fluoroquinolones.

Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) are leading in the structure of the general morbidity of the population. To date, more than 200 viruses that affect the respiratory tract and ENT organs are known [1]. The reservoir of ARVI pathogens is only human, the highest incidence is observed in the cold season [8]. It is also possible to infect several ARVI pathogens together, which is accompanied by a severe course of the disease and the addition of bacterial complications [6, 7]. To date, prevention and treatment of ARVI, both in adults and children, is one of the important tasks facing the medical community [1, 2]. The etiotropic therapy of most ARVI has not been developed, and the use of interferon preparations and interferon synthesis inducers has not proved their clinical efficacy [11]. As an alternative, bioregulatory agents that have proven their safety and clinical efficacy can be used [12]. The article presents numerous studies of clinical efficacy and safety of the bioregulatory drug Engystol in different age groups.

Ear pain in a child can be a symptom of many diseases. A thorough examination of the patient is necessary to establish the cause of ear pain. Most often in childhood, ear pain is associated with acute otitis media. Treatment of acute otitis media is directly related to the stage of the disease. The main attention will do «departure time» stage. An important role in the treatment of acute otitis media in children is given to pain relief. To achieve analgesic effect, both systemic and local drugs are used. The article presents a clinical case of acute left-sided otitis media in a 10-year-old child complicated by local lymphadenitis.

The treatment of infectious diseases in the context of the steady increase in the number of microorganisms that are resistant to antibiotics is one of the most acute problems in otorhinolaryngology. This explains the raise interest in a fundamentally new rational treatment strategy of infections both in Russia and around the world - the use of bacteriophages. These drugs have proven efficacy against antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria, do not cause toxic and allergic reactions, and have no contraindications to use.

Upper airway inflammatory diseases account for about 90% of all infectious diseases and are the most common causes of patients’ visits to the otorhinolaryngologists, pediatricians and general practitioners. Acute otitis media and rhinosinusitis are considered the most common complications of acute respiratory infections. Auditory disorders often occur during respiratory infections, which may be directly caused by Eustachian tube dysfunction, acute otitis media and acute sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a type of diminished hearing (up to loss), which affects any of the parts of the soundperceiving apparatus of the auditory analyser, ranging from the neuroepithelial structures of the inner ear to the cortical representation in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex. It is extremely important to timely detect sensorineural hearing loss and immediately start therapeutic measures, especially in children, since de-socialization occurs much faster in this age group.

The article is devoted to the use of mucolytic therapy in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract. Pathogen exposure results in an increase in the viscosity and adhesion of the respiratory tract mucus and leads to an impairment of drainage function and mucociliary clearance of the bronchi. Given the pathogenetic features, the primary goal of the treatment is to change the rheological properties of sputum and remove mucus from the respiratory tract. This justifies the administration of mucolytics, taking into account their pharmacological characteristics.

A large number of studies is devoted to the problem of acute odontogenic sinusitis at the intersection of two specialties - otorhinolaryngology and dentistry. However, the diagnosis and management of this form of nosological pathology by the specialists is not defined. As a rule, this means odontogenic maxillary sinusitis (OMS), which incidence tends to increase despite the significant progress in the dental care.

Clinical and audiological investigation of 100 children with indications for cochlear implantation was made. Indirect signs of intrauterine infection were identified, as well as the presence of predisposing factors to the development of exudative otitis media. During the investigation frequency of exudative otitis media (up to 21%) in children with high grade sensoneural hearing loss was made. The severity of lymphoproliferative syndrome and it’s combination with herpesvirus infection markers (Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus). It was found out, that in group of patients with combination of high grade sensoneural hearing loss and exudative otitis media lymphoproliferative syndrome in more, than 77% cases had herpesvirus ethiology and significantly exceed the same data in group of patients with isolated hearing loss.

Epidemiological studies conducted throughout the world show that the inflammatory diseases of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are the leading cause of otorhinolaryngology (ENT) hospital admissions and outpatient clinic referral. Although the most common cause of acute rhinosinusitis is viral infection, antibiotics are prescribed in more than 80% of cases, which may lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance. The topical inhalation therapy with the inhalation Complex «PARI SINUS device» (сompressor and nebulizer) may provide better treatment options for patients who suffer from the diseases of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Purpose of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of topical inhalation treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis using pulsating aerosol in comparison with systemic antibiotic therapy. Materials and methods. 60 adult patients at the age from 19 to 62 years with the diagnosis uncomplicated moderate acute bacterial rhinosinusitis has been included in opened randomized controlled trial. 30 patients have been with the inhalation therapy by the combined drug Fluimucil® antibiotic IT (thiamphenicol glycinate acetylcystein, Zambon) using PARI SINUS device during 7 days. Controls – 30 patients have been treated with antibiotic therapy of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis using 875/125 mg oral amoxicillin/clavulanate twice daily for 7 days. The result was evaluated by the dynamics of the symptoms of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (nasal congestion, blockage, facial pain and reduction of smell), active anterior rhinomanometry and nasal endoscopy. Results. For main symptoms of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis was no significant benefit of antibiotic therapy as compared to topical inhalation therapy using pulsating aerosol. Both treatment options were effective against acute bacterial rhinosinusitis, which is confirmed by the improvement of symptoms, active anterior rhinomanometry and nasal endoscopy. Conclusion. The topical nebulizer therapy of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis may provide better treatment options, because systemic antibiotics can be associated with different adverse effects.

Inflammatory diseases of the pharynx constitute one of the most significant nosologies groups in the ENT organ diseases profile. According to modern epidemiological data, acute and chronic tonsillopharyngitis are inferior only to influenza and other forms of ARVI with predominantly nasal and paranasal sinuses, as well as the lower respiratory tract inflammation in prevalence among the population. Infectious pathogens are the most common etiology of inflammatory diseases of the pharynx. Accordingly, the pharmacological agents should be selected among the drugs having pronounced antimicrobial activity against both bacterial and other organisms - viral and fungal, and an analgesic effect, as sore throat is the main symptom of tonsillofingitis. The combination preparation Septolete® total is one of such drugs.

Diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the larynx in patients with dysphonia are an urgent task of modern otorhinolaryngology. The reason for this is the constant growth of professions with high requirements for voice quality. The modern methods of diagnosis in diseases of the larynx are based on endoscopic diagnostic techniques. The article provides detailed description of the clinical and endoscopic signs of functional and organic diseases of the larynx that are significantly more prevalent in voice professionals: hypotonic and hypo-hypertonic functional dysphonia, soft and hard vocal fold nodules, acute and chronic occupational laryngitis, and vascular pathology of vocal cords. The article presents the main approaches to the treatment of diseases of the larynx, including using the drug Homeovox. The article will be useful to the otorhinolaryngologists of the outpatient network to establish the diagnosis and assign а therapy to the voice and speech professionals.

The mucous membrane of the respiratory tract is the first line of protection of the human body from various damaging agents. This function is provided by mucociliary clearance and its component by mucociliary transport. Optimum work of ciliated epithelium is possible only with normal rheology of mucous secretion - viscosity, elasticity, adhesiveness. The development of mucociliary dysfunction is the main pathogenetic mechanism of almost all inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract and middle ear. The main areas of treatment for patients with infectious and inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract and ear are evacuation of the pathological secretion, restoration of the synthesis of physiological mucus and a positive effect on the restructuring of the respiratory epithelium. The effectiveness of a mucoactive drug is determined by its ability to directly affect several components of mucociliary clearance - regulation of viscosity and secretion composition, its formation processes and evacuation rate. These characteristics correspond to carbocysteine.

Irrigation therapy is currently an integral part of the prevention and treatment of various ENT diseases. In and amongst all the variety of drugs of irrigation therapy, intranasal sprays are the most widely available. The article presents a comparative study of the intranasal spray characteristics. The advantages of using Marimer spray include minimal discomfort, jet sensation; the spray gets into the nasopharynx, but does not cause the Eustachian tube dysfunction.

Allergic rhinitis is one of the most common disease. The article presents the main aspects of the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of this nosology.

The problem of cerumen impaction is relevant for patients of both children and adults. Different ways of evacuating excessive accumulations in the auditory canal of cerumen masses — irrigation, dry removal — are not always sufficiently effective. For the prevention and removal of cerumen impaction, the use of modern means, cerumenolitics, which quickly and painlessly contribute to getting rid of this problem, should be recognized as the most reasonable.

This article is devoted to the basic principles of pharmacological import-substitution in the current situation, limiting the capabilities of the Russian economy. It provides an analysis on the current import substitution environment in the various segments of the Russian pharmacological market and solutions. The authors present the Russian GMP-manufacturer of generics, which can ensure the pharmaceutical independence of the Russian medicine.

Allergic rhinitis is one of the most common human diseases that affect patients’ quality of of life. There has been a significant increase in incidence rates related to allergic rhinitis in the Russian Federation and the world. Second-generation antihistamines having high H1-receptor affinity constitute the main pharmacological group for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. The article presents an overview of Bilastin as a novel drug of the above group.

Allergic rhinitis is a common disease that significantly worsens the patient’s quality of life. In some cases, the disease can be life threatening. Severe attacks of bronchial obstruction may occur in patients with allergic rhinitis. The widespread prevalence of allergic rhinitis in adults and children, consistent increase in disease incidence constitutes a great medical and social issue. Treatment for allergic rhinitis should be aimed at reaching increased remission duration, preventing the exacerbation of the disease and educating patients to maintain control over the symptoms of the disease. A challenge that otolaryngologists and allergists face is to restore nasal breathing in patients with allergic rhinitis. The updated approach to the challenge is to suggest treatment that takes into account the pathophysiological mechanisms that occur not only in the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, but throughout the body, in particular, in the intestine.

Hearing loss is socially significant problem. About 30% of all cases are due to sensorineural hearing loss. Taking into consideration its polyethiologic nature treatment tactics should be complex. Drugs, that are able to reduce neuropathy development, should be an integral part of treatment. Most of neurotropic vitamins improve metabolic and enhance the regenerative processes in neuroepithelium. For this purpose vitamins B1, B6 and B12 are ordinary used, for many years they are included in the complex treatment of diseases of the peripheral nervous system. One of the combined medicinal vitamins is neuromultivitis.

Atrophy is the medical term for shrinkage in the size of an organ, tissue, or a single cell with a corresponding decrease or failure of their function. Rhinitis atrophica simplex is one of the diseases associated with the development of such involutional processes. Atrophic rhinitis is a disease that is a classic example of a chronic pathological process that can be diffuse or local and can be combined with atrophic changes in the nasopharynx and other parts of the pharynx and larynx.

Recent studies show that perennial allergic rhinitis is prevalent among older people, but the management of this disease is underestimated and not determined. This article describes the persistent allergic rhinitis in patients of the older age group and identifies the primary goals of treatment based on the age-related physiological factors, concomitant conditions and the use of other drugs. Special attention is paid to the various options for the drug therapy in elderly patients over the age of 60 years. The second-generation antihistamines and intranasal glucocorticosteroids also have primacy over other drugs, when supervising older patients. A randomized open multicenter clinical study showed that Momate Rhino Advance (a combination of intranasal antihistamines (azelastine) and intranasal glucocorticosteroids (mometasone) for the treatment of allergic rhinitis) made by Indian Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is effective and safe in patients aged 60 years and older, who are diagnosed with the above disease.

Chronic pharyngitis (CP) is a common disease that is not associated with infections and does not require administration of any systemic antibiotic therapy. Many non-infectious factors cause CP. Despite diversity and variability of factors, the inflammatory process of the pharyngeal mucosa lie at the root of the pathogenesis of CP. A sore throat is the main symptom of this process, which can be successfully relieved with local drugs.

The delay in mental development is common in children. In combination with deafblood are one of the five most common causes of developmental abnormalities. Both parameters have a pronounced effect on the development of the child. Features of perception of sound, its carrying out, brain work form speech in children. It was revealed that audio scoring systems are not enough for hearing control, it is necessary to allocate children with risk factors and their combination. Cochlear implantation gives a significant influence on the development of higher nervous activity through perestroika, especially successful in sensitive periods.