The article summarizes the action mechanisms of bacterial lysates of the immune system. On the example of Ismigen shown evidence based possible correction mechanisms of the immune system in inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract by bacterial lysates.

The article presents the main diagnostic criteria for acute sinusitis, given the differences of the clinical course of viral and bacterial sinusitis. The authors compare different recommendations on the indication of antibacterial therapy, consider starting drugs for the treatment of acute sinusitis. We discuss the possibilities and effectiveness of concomitant adjuvant therapy, including topical corticosteroids, fluids for irrigation of the nasal cavity and modern decongestants.

According to the World Health Organization pathology of the respiratory system ranks first (in some countries, second) in the structure of morbidity of the population worldwide. The complexity of the treatment, and growth of the unreasonable prescription of many drugs, leading to increased problems of polypragmasie, antibioticoresistance, allergization of the population, etc., encourages physicians to reconsider the boundaries of drug therapy and persistently look for new opportunities for effective and safe therapy. An open multicentre study was conduced to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of Coryzalia® in the treatment of acute infectious rhinitis, that showed that the complex homeopathic drug quickly relieves the main symptoms of acute infectious rhinitis on the background of SARS. By the 3rd day of therapy such symptoms as headache, rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, sneezingare reduced twice.

Infectious-inflammatory diseases of the pharynx are the most common pathological processes in the human population. Correct diagnosis and rational choice of effective treatment are directly correlate with important role of the pharyngeal tube in the life of the organism and a high risk of complications. The vast majority of clinical cases do not require the use of systemic drugs, topical therapy only. However, in the light of new data on the importance of microbial populations (microbiome), working as a functional barrier between the environment and nasopharyngeal mucosa, attention is attracted to topical antiseptics with antiinflammatory and biocenose saving effects, as part of complex therapy in diseases of the throat In the light of this issue, topical drugs based on lysozyme an enzyme, which is a natural antiseptic for the human body, are looking promising. These products are represented by Lysobact®  (Bosnalijek, Bosnia and Hercegovina). It has proven anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antiseptic action, and it`s efficacy is meaningful in treatment of the pharynx diseases in patients of different age groups.

The article highlights a retrospective study of 303 cases of completed clinical management of patients treated for ENT pathology complicated by purulent intracranial inflammatory diseases and sepsis, admitted to multi-specialty hospitals of the RF subjects during the period 2000–2014. To evaluate the condition of patients and changes in course of the disease, the integral and quantifying scores to assess the severity of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome were used: SOFA, which allows to evaluate the level of organ dysfunction, the APACHE  II severity of disease score and the Glasgow coma scale. The outcome is directly dependent on early comprehensive diagnosis of injury to the vital organs and systems of the body, timely initiation of specialized treatment.

Acute otitis media is acutely developed inflammation of the middle ear cavities manifested by one or more characteristic symptoms (earache, fever, discharge from ear, hearing loss in children excitement, irritability, vomiting, diarrhea). The use of clinical guidelines based on the principles of evidence-based  medicine allows accurately diagnosing the disease  and avoiding the unnecessary use of antibiotics. Methods of instrumental diagnostics of acute otitis media include pneumatic otoscopy, tympanometry and spectral gradient acoustic reflectometry. Antibacterial and symptomatic treatment, including analgesics, antipyretics, eliminates the general and local symptoms within 48-72  h.

The article provides modern data on the prevalence and etiology of acute rhinosinusitis. The principles of rational choice of antibacterial drugs are analyzed taking into account the sensitivity of the main causative agents for the treatment of rhinosinusitis. The advantages of applying in this disease cephalosporins, namely, cefixime drug (Panzer®) – oral generation III cephalosporin, combining a broad range of antimicrobial activity, good pharmacokinetic properties, a favorable tolerability profile and ease of application (1 tpd). Data from clinical trials of the drug Panzer® recommended it for its wide use in medicine.

The article describes  the  basic principles of  classification, etiopathogenesis  and treatment  of  acute  rhinosinusitis. Also highlighted the main principles of treatment according to European, American, and otechesvennym recommendations are the key features of the Russian recommendations on the treatment of the disease, compared with foreign consensus documents.

Abstract. Acute rhinosinusitis is one of the most common human diseases, and this problem becomes more important every year. Generally this disease develops against the background of a respiratory viral infection. Although the pronounced clinical picture of acute sinusitis is almost always associated with the fact that it contains bacterial invasion of the paranasal sinuses.

Advantages and disadvantages  of  the  various classes  of  antibiotics is  argued, in particular effectiveness  and safety  of Levofloxacini  (Levolet R) in treatment of acute and of exacerbation of chronic diseases  in otolaryngology. The evolution of methods of treatment with these  products, summed up the preliminary results of research. Relevant information about the effectiveness and convenience of the new dosing with a pronounced therapeutic result is given.

Although the majority of acute inflammatory ENT pathologies are known to be caused by viruses alone, their association with bacteria tend to make the infection severe, persistent, and recurrent. In these caseslong-term systemic antibiotics are required. ENT-specialists use beta-lactameantibiotics (penicilline/cephalosporine), macrolides, respiratoryfluoroquinolones. Adverse drug reactions for these medications are very common, and gastrointestinal tract is particularly vulnerable.

The article gives a detailed account ofnormal gut mictobiota changesafter systemic use of antibiotics forbacterial ENT-infections and consideration to problem solving. Ecoantibiotics are the new a new group of antibacterial drugs containing traditional antibiotic and prebiotic as adjuvant, that give us future prospect for delicate and safe antibiotic therapy.

Hearing – one of the most important feelings of a human body. Permanent decrease in hearing against the background of which perception of environmental sounds and speech communication is at a loss, a bradyacuasia is defined by the term. And the problem of a sharp and sudden sensonevralny bradyacuasia is represented to the most composite significant. Can be the reasons of development  of sharp violations of sound perception infectious, immunopathological, physical, chemical and ischemichypoxemic factors. Treatment of a sharp and sudden sensonevralny bradyacuasia is considered as rendering an emergency aid. The gold international standard at the present stage is use of glucocorticosteroids. For minimization  of the damaging action of causal factors of development of pathological process, improvement of exchange processes, restitution of the functional activity and an angenesis including a neuroepithelium, use of neurotropic therapy-group B vitamins is shown to patients with sharp sensonevralny bradyacuasia. The most efficient are the medicines containing a complex of B1, B6 and B12 vitamins, one of such combined polyvitaminic pharmaceuticals is Neyromultivit.

Тhe article presents the main methods of treatment of allergic rhinitis, described the benefits of the combined use of intranasal corticosteroids and local antihistamines, such as Momat Rino Advance.

According to the WHO, respiratory diseases today are among the ten most common diseases globally. Respiratory diseases of the  upper respiratory tract account for up to  60% in the  overall respiratory pathology. [1]  In addition to  antiviral and immunostimulatory drugs which shape the current strategy for the treatment of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections, the key role also belongs to symptomatic therapy. [8] Substantial positive experience with silver-based medications confirmed by numerous clinical studies demonstrates their high efficacy and satisfactory safety profile in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the nose and upper respiratory tract in children and adults.

The results of treatment by Memoplant drug as monotherapy (120 mg, 2 times a day for 4 months) on the subjective ear noise and hearing function of 40 people are presented. Comprehensive audiological, neurological examination was conducted in the dynamics to all patients as well as the study of mental and emotional status. It is established that on Day 14 of the study, the patients subjectively reported a decrease in the intensity of ear noise. Significant improvement of tolerance to ear noise was recorded on Day 120  of the study. It was noted that the Memoplant effects the psychoemotional status of patients (subjectively reduces anxiety and depression significantly to Day 60 of the study). Side effects have not been identified.

This article presents a practical effectiveness  of the drug Umckalor (Pelargonium sidoides), its antibacterial activity. Provides data of world literature on the experience of the use of pelargonium extract in the treatment of acute inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, and case report.

The article considers the management of patients with acute otitis media. Special attention is given to an integrated approach of the treatment (etiologic, pathogenic and symptomatic). The article focus on timely and reliable antibiotic therapy, the role of local medicines, depending on the stage of the disease. The paper consists a review of clinical studies on the effectiveness of a complex drug (containing lidocaine hydrochloride and phenazone) in acute otitis media without perforation.

According to the forecast of WHO, by 2020  every second child will have allergic diseases. Allergic rhinitis occupies one of the leading positions in structure of allergic diseases of the person. The special attention of scientific and practical health care to this question is caused by the whole range of both medical, and social aspects. Treatment of allergic rhinitis demands the reasonable and integrated approach considering pathogenesis of a disease.

Allergic rhinitis as one of the most common non-infectious respiratory inflammatory diseases is a global public health problem. The course of allergic rhinitis, its effect on the pathology of other organs and systems, the likelihood of complications and many other aspects of this pathology are largely determined by timely diagnosis and adequate treatment. At the heart of the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis is the immediate allergic reaction. Histamine is the most important biogenic amine, the physiological regulator of the activity of various cells and systems and one of the main mediators of allergic reactions of immediate type. In the treatment of allergic rhinitis, one of the key places is occupied by antihistamines. One of such highly effective modern antihistamines is levocetirizine – a blocker of H1 histamine receptors of the second generation. Leveltzetirizine affects the histamine-dependent stage of allergic reactions, reduces vascular permeability and eosinophil migration, limits the release of inflammatory mediators, significantly influences the formation of edema of the tissues and the production of mucus, prevents development and greatly facilitates the course of the allergic reaction, has antiexudative, antipruritic and anti-inflammatory effects, and a pronounced ability to eliminate nasal obstruction in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. The drug levocetirizine Allerway®, bioequivalent to the original drug, is of definite interest to physicians of various specialties.

Contact  vocal process granuloma causative factors are gastroesophageal  reflux, intubation trauma, and vocal abuse  and psychosomatics. Treatment includes proton pump inhibitors, voice therapy, psychotherapy and surgical excision  in case of inefficiency of conservative methods or in patients with clinical symptoms of laryngeal stenosis. The literature review and our experience of laryngeal granuloma treatment presented in this article.  In ENT Department of I.M. Sechenov First Moscow state medical university 8  patients with laryngeal granuloma were treated. 1  patient with postintubation bothsides  granuloma underwent a surgical excision under general anesthesia, followed up for 6 months and had no recurrence. 7 patients (6 males and 1 female) were treated with proton pump inhibitors due to they had gastroesophageal reflux disease. In 1 case contact granuloma reduced after 3  month conservative therapy without recurrence. One patient was non compliant. In 5  others microsurgical treatment performed. 2 of them had recurrent granuloma after 6 months and underwent repeated microsurgical excision  using  radiofrequency ablation. According  the  world and our own  experience  high-energy surgical equipment is recommended to be used in recurrent laryngeal granuloma to reduce it’s recurrence rate.

It is generally agreed today that that endoscopy is the main method for the visualization of the mucosa of the upper airdigestive tract.What is more we can see early changings in the vascular structure due to modern technologies that are combined with endoscopy.

NBI (narrow band imaging) endoscopy is one of the most modern optic method that allows to enhance the facilities of standard white light endoscopy. It can be achieved by enhancing of contrast of the vessels. This effect can be gained be means of optical color separation filters that modify the spectral features. The filter is placed in the optical system of the illumination and cuts all wavelengths in illumination except two narrow wavelengths: 415 nm and 540 nm. Narrow band illumination is strongly absorbed by hemoglobin. As a result, capillaries on the mucosal surface are presented in brown on the monitor, and veins in the submucosal surface are displayed in cyan.

In the present  article we propose the world literature review considering  the diagnostic effectiveness of NBI endoscopy. We included available information about perioperative application of this diagnostic method as well. And we proposed several clinical cases.

This article describes the literature review and analysis of present international experimental studies in plastic of larynx and tracheal defects. Search of new solutions in laryngotracheal defect plastics of patients with combined stenosis is determined by relevance of the problem. Also represented our own experimental study.

Drug-induced rhinitis (DIR) develops as a result of long-term use of topical decongestants and different drugs of systemic action. The article presents a review of the literature covering the issues of pathogenesis, clinic, diagnostics and treatment of the disease. It is stressed that currently intranasal glucocorticosteroids are the only drugs effectiveness  of which for drug-induced rhinitis is proved in randomized controlled clinical trials. The authors provide observations of the use of mometasone furoate in 16 patients with DIR for 4 weeks at a dosing of 400 mg/day. 12 patients (75%) were able to completely stop taking decongestants to the end of the second week of treatment. In one case there was recurrence of the disease.

Topical steroids help to alleviate the patient’s period of withdrawal from topical vasoconstrictor preparations. However, patients should be warned about the possibility of recurrence of DIR in cases of repeated uncontrolled use of decongestants.

Hold upright, vertical body position and bipodal locomotion-the key components of a functional system of Antigravity. Get objective data about the postural regulation was made possible thanks to the introduction into clinical practice statokinezimetrii (all)-method of qualitative and quantitative analysis of oscillatory process of Center of pressure stop on a plane of leg vertically-installed or that you are using less of a seated person. Qualitatively changed the accuracy of diagnosis of stabilometric vector analysis, using which a doctor can assess  the effectiveness  of treatment, as well as the stages  of examination and treatment to conduct statistical assessment of the credibility of the differences of variability of dynamic stabilization Factor indicator  (FDC) of the patient.

Despite the fact that in the majority of cases rhinosinusitis is known to be viral, bacterial infections still play their role. Bacterial etiology for sinonasal pathology usually means more severe condition, chronic forms and frequent recurrence. Treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis with systemic antibiotics is a challenging question. Unappropriate use of systemic antibiotics not only leads to individual treatment failure, but also causes global epidemiologic issues such as antibiotic resistance. The article reviews the role of respiratory fluoroqionolones in medical treatment of patients with moderate to severe bacterial rhinosinusitis.

The incidence of upper respiratory tract acute pathologies is quite high and is 6.8 per 1,000  population in the autumn and winter period. According to the World Health Organization in Europe acute rhinosinusitis occur every seventh person per year, the disease is diagnosed in 16% of adults in the United States. There are 10000000 registered cases of acute rhinosinusitis each year in Russian Federation.

In recent years, acute sinusitis treatment, in addition to traditional antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, much attention is paid mucolytic drugs . Since 1994, new mucolytic drug sinupret has been registered for acute sinusitis treatment.

Analysis of the literature suggests  that Sinupret regulates the secretion and normalizes the viscosity of mucus; eliminates mukostasis; It acts on the mucous membrane decongestants and anti-inflammatory; restores drainage and ventilation of the paranasal sinuses; normalizes the protective function of the airway epithelium against endogenous and exogenous  damaging factors; It interrupts the vicious circle in inflammation of paranasal sinuses; antibiotic therapy improves the results.

Thus Sinupret drug can be recommended for the treatment of acute sinusitis in clinical practice. A number  of clinical trials have shown high efficacy, safety and convenience advantage of the drug in treating this highly prevalent and socially significant diseases.