The article highlights the problem of treating the most urgent inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, namely acute rhinosinusitis and acute otitis media in adults and children. The data on the use of topical antibacterial drugs in the treatment of these diseases is presented. Local antibacterial therapy of the inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract can significantly increase the effectiveness of treatment without the risk of unwanted drug reactions and antibiotic resistance.

In the development of inflammatory diseases of the pharynx, etiological factors may include viral agents, bacterial infection, mainly streptococcal nature, fungal infection, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GERD, gastritis). Inflammatory changes in the oral mucosa and pharynx can be manifested by the main symptoms such as a feeling of dryness in the mouth and throat, difficulty or pain when swallowing. Xerostomy is a condition that develops when saliva secretion decreases or stops and is characterized by dryness in the oral cavity. With long-term course is accompanied by psycho-emotional disorders and contributes to the development of dental diseases (stomatitis, gingivitis). Septolete total including substances such as cetylpyridinium chloride and benzidamine, has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory and can be used as an effective etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy of inflammatory diseases of the pharynx. It is also possible to use after otorhinolaryngological interventions(tonsilectomy).

In the article is discussed the problem of antibiotic resistance, widespread and not always justified use of systemic antibiotics in the treatment of acute rhinosinusitis. The main spectrum of bacterial pathogens of acute rhinosinusitis, their sensitivity and resistance are showed, including in the Russian Federation. Presents topical inhalational drug Fluimucil IT contains mucolitic and antibiotic as a possible replacement of systemic antibiotics, in conjunction with its better tolerability, including in children, and less pronounced side effects.

Post-traumatic reactive changes in the area of ENT-organs can cause cosmetic defects, contribute to the development of infectious and inflammatory processes. The formation of limited edema and bruising is natural after certain even adequately performed surgical interventions. In clinical practice, the question arises of the effective and safe use of local drugs that have anti-inflammatory, anti-edema and analgesic effects to accelerate the course of post-traumatic reactive processes. Naturopathic agents have high safety, sufficiently pronounced anti-inflammatory, analgesic and reparative effect. The drug based on arnica mountain (Arnica montana) is a unique topical drug that only contains fresh Arnica plants in a concentration of 7% TM. Efficiency and high safety of this drug allows us to recommend it for the treatment of bruises and hematomas of the skin in the area of ENT-organs, including after surgical interventions.

The article is devoted to the use of the combined drug Coryzalia in the treatment of acute rhinitis. The advantages of Coryzalia are the possibility of using it at any stage of treatment, combination with other drugs. The complex of active ingredients that make up the drug, has anti-inflammatory, antisecretory and detoxifying effects. The results of various studies confirm the high safety profile and efficacy of Coryzalia not only for adults, but also for treatment of children.

The article presents information about the advantages and possibilities of modern methods of pathomorphological assessment used in otorhinolaryngology that not only allow to differentiate various forms of pathological processes, but also provide insight into the change in their physiological functions, as well as the opportunity to follow the stages of regeneration processes. Special attention is paid to the possibilities of the immunohistochemical method of assessment. 

Among diseases of ENT organs at patients with the CF prevails chronic rhinosinusitis. Stagnation of the infected dense slime in the paranasal sinus and violation of nasal breath aggravates weight of a course of lung pathology. Timely inspection and treatment of pathology of the top airways at patients with CF is necessary. In surgical treatment method of a choice is expanded FESS. This technique allows to keep anatomy of a facial skeleton and to provide a drainage the paranasal sinus. Supervision by the ENT specialist and conservative treatment of a chronic rhinosinusitis has to is carried out during all life of the patient with CF. Continuous use of local mukolitichesky and antibacterial therapy is necessary. As method of delivery of medicines the compressor inhaler with the mode for the chronic rhinosinusitis can serve.

The importance of allergic diseases is due to their increasing prevalence in both developed and developing countries. The prevalence of allergic diseases in most countries of the world is 10–30% among urban and rural population. In the regions of Russia, the prevalence of allergic diseases reaches 19–40% among the adult population and over 27% among children and adolescents. The article deals with the main aspects of the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis as the most common allergic pathology. The features of antihistamine therapy with modern drugs of the 2nd generation and their influence on the links of the inflammatory process are considered. The data of studies of the effectiveness and safety of the original drug bilastine. Given the use cases bilastine in clinical practice.

One of the main functions of the nose is respiratory and olfactory. Difficulty in nasal breathing, nasal congestion, nasal discharge can complicate the respiratory and olfactory functions of the nose or make them impossible. Most often the cause is swelling of the mucous. Nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea are the most common symptoms in diseases of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Of great importance is the use of local vasoconstrictors to eliminate swelling in the nasal cavity and prevent complications associated with auditory tube dysfunction. It is proved that the use of nasal decongestants helps to reduce swelling in the nasal cavity and in the osteomeatal complex. Otrivin Moisturizing formula, Otrivin Menthol, Otrivin Complex and Otrivin Sea are effective and well tolerated means to eliminate swelling in the nasal cavity and reduce nasal discharge and rehabilitation of olfactory function.

The most common cause of patients referring to primary care physicians are respiratory diseases. Anatomical and physiological features of the human respiratory system and the type of etiotropic agent determine the characteristic features of the pathogenesis of respiratory pathology. The possibility of self-purification of the respiratory tract is of significant clinical importance - mucociliary clearance, but during the course of respiratory inflammatory diseases, the effectiveness of such purification suffers significantly due to the formation of edema and the increased production of a secretion more dense than the physiological norm provides. Almost all diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract are accompanied by violations of the composition and rheological properties of the secretion and difficulties in its evacuation. The use of mucoactive drugs in the treatment of patients with inflammatory pathology of the respiratory tract has a tangible economic and clinical effect, reducing the duration of the disease, the need for systemic antibiotic therapy, the frequency and severity of relapses, a positive effect on the number of complications and quality of life. The drug Elmultsin® (erdosteinе), produced by the Russian pharmaceutical company «Obolenskoye», is a representative of a group of secretolytics and respiratory motor function stimulants, is promising for use in the treatment of patients with respiratory diseases accompanied by the formation of viscous sputum, including in conditions of adverse environmental conditions.

Currently in clinical practice widely used drugs local antimicrobial drugs such as Tantum Verde (benzydamine) Tantum Rosa (benzydamine) Miramistin (benzyldimethyl-miristoilamino-propylammonium) Hexoral (hexetidin), chlorhexidine (chlorhexidine), Septolete total (benzydamine + cetylpyridinium chloride). The mechanism of action of these very similar. We evaluated the effect of these drugs on the viability of lymphoid tissue cells and their effect on the neutrophilic part of the immune system, which are the most important factors of local immunity and, at the same time, part of the immune system which is responsible for innate immunity. We used peripheral blood from 6 healthy donors and 6 patients with inflammatory diseases (abscess of the abdominal cavity). Evaluation of the viability of lymphocytes was performed in a test using trypan blue. The functional state of neutrophils was performed in a nitro-blue tetrazolium test. The final concentration of the studied drugs in all experiments was 10% of the initial recommended for local use. The results of the study showed that Miramistin, Hexoral, Chlorhexidine, Septolete Total cause the death of lymphocytes isolated from healthy donors and patients with severe inflammation process. Tantum Verde and Tantum Rose do not cause the death of lymphocytes. All studied drugs (except Tantum Verde and Tantum Rose in healthy donors) reduce the number of neutrophils containing formazan granules, which indicates the suppression of the activity of the NADPH oxidase system. Patients’ neutrophils witch were activated by inflammatory process under the influence of miramistin experiencing short-term excessive activation of the NADPH-oxidase system, which can lead to tissue damage in severe inflammation.

Allergic rhinitis is a global public health problem at the present stage, given the high prevalence, the formation of therapy-resistant phenotypes, high comorbidity and the negative impact on all aspects of a patient’s life. Histamine is one of the main mediators of allergy, and therefore drugs number one in the treatment of patients with AR of all options are antihistamine drugs or H1-blockers. The innovative antihistamine drug of the second generation levocetirizine (Allerway®) prevents the development and facilitates the course of allergic reactions, also has anti-inflammatory and antiallergic action. Allerway® is bioequivalent to the original drug, has broad indications for use, has established itself as an effective drug with a good safety profile.

Acute sensorineural hearing loss is a common pathology in the human population due to impaired sound perception. Along with the widespread systemic use of glucocorticosteroids in recent years, there has been a keen interest in their local delivery via intratympanic injections or through a previously installed shunt in the eardrum. The experience of treating 40 patients with ASNHL is presented. Patients of the 1st group received a systemic course of dexamethasone, and patients of the 2nd group received dexamethasone through the superimposed perforation in the eardrum using a current frequency of 4 MHz. Audiological examination was performed before treatment, 1, 2 weeks, 1 and 6 months after treatment. Local treatment of ASNHL is as effective as their systemic use and can be used as the main one. The method of radiofrequency myringotomy is safe and convenient in treatment by intra-implantation of glucocorticosteroids into the tympanic cavity.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common disease that affects people regardless of age, place of residence or social status. As a rule, the allergen enters the body through the upper respiratory tract, the entrance gate is mainly the nasal mucous membrane. According to statistics, in recent years the frequency of perennial AR (PAR) in economically developed countries has been approaching 40-50%. In AR, inflammatory infiltration of the nasal mucous membrane by various cells is observed. Nowadays, AR is characterized by early onset, often with continuous relapsing course and resistance to antiallergic therapy. The study of the mechanisms of disease development creates the basis for rational therapy, which involves the impact on a complex inflammatory response, not only on the symptoms of allergy. Therefore, timely conservative therapy with intranasal topical glucocorticosteroid is advisable. The article shows the importance of the effectiveness of Flixonase intranasal spray in the treatment of AR. This drug may be recommended for the treatment of PAR. Studies of the use of the drug have shown a multi-purpose mechanism of its action. Flixonase significantly reduces the number of inflammatory cells in the nasal mucous membrane and inhibits the action of local inflammatory mediators in both seasonal ARs and PARs. To achieve the best results, the drug should be used at the first signs of nascent AR.

This article presents a clinical case of a foreign body of the nasal cavity. To describe a foreign body in the nose, the term «rhinolite» is used, which originated from the Greek «rhino» (which means «nose») and «lithos» (which means stone). In this observation the optical endoscopy and cone-beam computed tomography demonstrated as the most informative methods for confirm the diagnosis and for determine medical tactics.

Acute respiratory viral infection (ARVI) is one of the most common causes of morbidity in Russia. The incidence rate is high regardless of age or social group [1]. Sore throat is the most common symptom during ARVI, prevalence rate is 95%[2]. Symptomatic treatment of ARVI requires the use of various drugs, including drugs for pain in the throat. Such preparations are widely represented on the market, while they have a different form and different composition. One of the most popular are sprays containing benzydamine hydrochloride. Professional associations recommend using Benzydamine hydrochloridewhile sore throat, also in paediatric practice [3].In connection with a large number of generics, the issue of standardization of such sprays is topical. To compare the range of the actual concentration of the active substance in interchangeable preparations with different trade names, a comparative determination of the concentrations of benzydamine hydrochloride in sprays of 4 trade names was carried out in 6 different series in each. The quantitative determination was carried out by HPLC with a UV detector. As a result, the active substance concentration ranges were determined in 6 batches of the preparation of each trade name, and the coefficient of variation of concentrations was calculated and conclusions were made on the difference in the indicated indices among preparations of various manufacturers.

According to WHO, the respiratory system diseases are currently inside the ten most common pathologies. The modern strategy for treating influenza and ARVI gives priority to the antiviral and immunostimulating agents, but the symptomatic drugs, which include preparations based on silver and its compounds, also play an important role. The large positive experience in using silver preparations supported by numerous clinical studies shows their high efficacy and satisfactory safety profile in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the nose and upper respiratory tract in children and adults.

Both allergic rhinitis (AR) and sinusitis are widespread diseases that significantly worsen the patient’s quality of life, lead to significant financial costs and are associated with a huge health burden. When treating any AS, it is necessary to follow three basic principles: address the cause of the disease; eradicate the pathogen; restore drainage of sinuses, aerate and restore CO. The efficacy and speed in the treatment of sinusitis, which arose against the background of allergic inflammation, are comparable to those in the use of oral GCS (Ib level, persuasion scale A). The H1-histamine receptor blocker and competitive histamine antagonist ebastine is one of the most effective and safe latest-generation antihistamine.

Respiratory tract infections are among the most common diseases. Most upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) are viral in nature. More than 200 types of viruses, including influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (HRV) and adenovirus (AV), may be the cause of URTI; in some cases, other infectious agents are the cause. The most common pathogens are rhinoviruses, which account for more than 50 per cent of the URTI. The article presents data on the efficacy of Engystol®, a complex drug containing low doses of active ingredients and used for prevention and symptomatic treatment of a number of viral diseases.

Usually benign laryngeal lesions like cysts, polyps and fibrous masses occurs in result of phonotrauma as reactive changes of the mucous of vocal cords. Presence of organic pathology of larynx is a reason of functional voice disorders. 45 patients in age of 18-70 y.o. with benign laryngeal lesions were investigated. All patients underwent microlaryngoscopy with excision of the lesion in inpatient mode. This article describes complex of pre- and postoperative procedures performed to assess the vocal function in patients. For the surgical excision of lesions «cold-steel» instruments, radiofrequently ablation and laser surgery were used. Authors analysed the correlation between complaints, acoustic voice parameters and the process of mucous recovery. Laser technique is recommended for surgical treatment of benign lesions of larynx. Fibrolaryngoscopy, laryngostroboscopy and computer acoustic assessment of vocal parameters are required before voice normalization. Phonotherapy is indicated n case of persistence of dysphonia.

The study analyzed the clinical effect of the surgical treatment of 25 patients with Meniere’s disease, 20 of which underwent endolymphatic sac drainage and five of which underwent vestibular neurectomy via translabyrinthine approach. The methods of surgical treatment are described and their advantages and disadvantages. The authors proposed an algorithm for the surgical rehabilitation of patients with Meniere’s disease.

The article is devoted to the tissue engineering approach to the chronic perforations closure. This paper contains a short literature review of contemporary tissue engineering techniques for the tympanic membrane.