The article justifies prescription of prokinetics in treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, and tells about properties and benefits of itopride (Ganaton) compared to earlier medicines of the group.

There are a lot of different views on the definition of postcholecystectomy syndrome. 4 major causes of complications after cholecystectomy are distinguished. Pathogenesis of digestive disorders associated with postcholecystectomy syndrome is proved to be a complex and multicomponent process, consisting of a number of interlinked and closely related pathogenic "rings". In case of absence of indications for surgical correction of the syndrome, prescription of combination of pancreatine in enterosoluble mini-microspheres and selective myotropic anti-spasmatic mebeverine is recommended as the optimal way of breaking the "vicious circle" described above.

Central obesity and two of the following four additional criteria are prerequisites of metabolic syndrome diagnosis: high triglyceride rate, low HDL, high blood pressure or high empty stomach glucose level (or previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common manifestation of metabolic syndrome in the liver. Treatment of hyperlipidemia leads to improvement in biochemical and histologic patterns in patients with NAFLD. A number of studies showed that statins significantly reduce cholesterol and fat levels in the liver.

84 women in perimenopause confirmed by medical history and hormonal status tests participated in the study; control group consisted of 64 patients with first or second degree hypertension and 20 apparently healthy women. Daily monitoring included blood pressure control, assessment of the functional status of sympathetic-adrenal system by the size of β-adrenoreceptors in erythrocyte membranes, test for microalbiminuria and glomerular filtration rate using Cockcroft-Gault formula. Group 1 included patients with first degree hypertension (23 women) which received losartan 50-100 mg/d monotherapy (Losarel, Sаndоz); group 2 patients (43 women) with second degree hypertension received combination therapy: losartan 100 mg/d and Lodoz (bisoporol 5 mg + hydrochlorothiazide 6.25 mg). Treatment lasted 12 weeks; patients were examined before inclusion in the study and after the study. Reduction in blood pressure to the target level was registered in all patients. There were no side or adverse effects. Initially elevated levels of β-adrenoreceptors in erythrocyte membranes significantly decreased in both groups, as a result of improved functional status of sympathetic-adrenal system. Renal excretion of nitrogen evaluated by glomerular filtration rate was not impaired; microalbiminuria increased manifold compared to reference values. After 12 weeks of treatment, microalbiminuria decreased in patients of all groups as a result of nephroprotective effect of antyheprtensive drug therapy.

Recently, the interest of national ophthalmologists to drug therapy of dry eye syndrome has been growing. In proportion to the growing relevance of the issue, there has been an increase in incidence of dry eye syndrome (DES) and expansion in the range of artificial tears which are the basis for therapy of patients with DES [1, 2, 6].

Neurological and somatic symptoms of hysteria are quite common in clinical practice. Till now such patients are referred to as "difficult patients". The article provides latest classification of hysteric disorders in accordance with ICD-10. Typical neurological manifestations of hysteria are as follows: fit, paresis, ambulation disorder and hyperkinesia. Specific features of symptoms encountered in treatment practice are highlighted. Diagnostic criteria for psychogenic pain, gastro-intestinal and respiratory disorders associated with hysteria, psychogenic fever and hemorrhagic syndromes are described. The article tells about pharmacological and psychological approaches in the treatment of hysteric syndromes.

Present-day globalization of the world economy, stronger communication in business, science, education and leisure, growth of the population migration (including seasonal) have led to an increase in the incidence of kinesia (sickness). Kinesia is a motion sickness (from Greek kynesis - movement) which occurs when human body is subject to more or less lengthy or variable acceleration . Kinesia is a general term, since it may be caused by any type of movement, even cross-country walk. There are other names for kinesia: travel sickness, sea sickness, air sickness, car sickness and more. It may appear while riding on a merry-go-round or swings, or swinging around in a dance [1–3].

Today the arsenal of general practitioner includes a sufficient number of effective drugs for osteoporosis therapy. According to recent recommendations of Russian Association on Osteoporosis, apart from nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates and strontium ranelate, denosumab is also considered a first choice drug for the treatment of osteoporosis. Its clinical efficiency in reducing the risk of (extra)vertebral fractures is proved by long-term multicentre trials.

The prevalence of excess body weight and obesity has been steadily increasing, currently posing a problem for highly developed countries and countries with medium and even low levels of per capita income [1, 2]. According to WHO, in 2008 more than 1.7 billion adults aged above 20 suffered from excess weight, above 500 million of which had obesity [3]. In 2010, 40 million children under the age of 5 suffered from excess weight. By 2025, as predicted by WHO experts, the number of obese people will almost double [3]. High growth rates and prevalence of the disease made obesity a new "non-communicable epidemic".

The article tells about the study of use of semiconstrained endoprosthesis constructions at primary replacement of knee joint; treatment methods, main advantages of semiconstrained endoprosthesis for knee joint and rehabilitation. The authors compare different methods of prevention of venous thromboembolism in the perioperative period. Results and complications are analyzed.

Latent iron-deficiency (LID) is a common condition during gestation period. The article tells about LID relevance, etiology, pathogenesis, ways of prevention and treatment with Ferro-Folgamma.

Allergic rhinitis is one of the most common chronic diseases, affecting from 20 to 30% of adult population and 40% of children [8, 19]. In the past decades, the incidence of allergic rhinitis has been growing all over the world. 9% of the European population and 8.8 -16% of the U.S. population suffer from the pathology [1, 4]. Widespread comorbid conditions of allergic rhinitis which exacerbate the clinical pattern are asthma, sinusitis, otitis media [20, 24]. The disease is characterized by symptoms of different intensity which deteriorate the quality of life, everyday activity and productivity, even when treatment is quite effective [3, 14]. The main criteria in diagnosis of allergic rhinitis are medical history, clinical manifestations, positive skin tests and allergen-specific antibodies in blood serum.

Haemorrhoid is conditioned by thrombosis of specific - cavernous - veins (bodies) of the rectum filled with arterial blood. Three internal haemorrhoids with external branches are formed on three terminal branches of rectal artery, at 3 o'clock, 7 o'clock and 11 o'clock positions in the anal canal. Haemorrhoids can be asymptomatic, acute, bleeding nonprolapsed and chronic bleeding prolapsed. Traditional conservative treatment is complemented by injections of sclerogenic substances and ligation of internal haemorrhoids. Radical surgery suggests en bloc resection of the three internal and affected external haemorrhoids. Before starting treatment of haemorrhoids, colonoscopy is indicated to exclude the risk of colon tumour, the incidence of which has dramatically increased in recent years, especially in elderly people with repeated haemorrhoids.

In the current social and economic conditions, diseases of gastrointestinal tract are still among the most challenging. The search is under way for new methods of diagnostics, along the enhancement of the existing ones. Technical progress gave birth to innovative systems ensuring higher quality of detection of damaged mucous zones. Thanks to the remarkable achievements of modern science and technology, the existing methods of gastrointestinal endoscopy have achieved great success.