Introduction. The high prevalence of functional dyspepsia in the population requires detailing the mechanisms of its development with the definition of the role of hormones of the gastrointestinal tract in the development of clinical symptoms.
Purpose of the study: to clarify the pathogenetic role of cholecystokinin in functional dyspepsia.
Materials and methods. A prospective examination of 90 people aged 22.3 ± 0.17 years, divided into 3 groups, was carried out: patients with postprandial distress syndrome (PDS), patients with epigastric pain syndrome (EPS), practically healthy. The participants of the study were questioned according to the GSRS questionnaire, their anthropometric data, the concentration of cholecystokinin in the blood before and after the drinking test were determined. Statistical processing included calculation of means, their errors, Mann-Whitney U-test for independent samples and Wilcoxon W-test for related samples, Spearman’s rank correlation test.
Results. Patients with EPS are characterized by a statistically significantly greater severity of abdominal pain syndrome (4.33 ± 0.51 points) than those suffering from PDS (2.47 ± 0.38 points) and healthy people (2.19 ± 0.22 points). Dyspeptic syndrome is more typical for patients with PDS (2.07 ± 0.12 points) than those with EPS (1.10 ± 0.04 points). Patients with PDS are characterized by higher values of height, hip volume, lean mass, waist to hip ratio than patients with EPS. The concentration of cholecystokinin in the blood on an empty stomach in patients with EPS (213.37 ± 14.35 pg/ml) is statistically significantly higher than in those examined with PDS (129.45 ± 10.44 pg/ml) and healthy people (146.99 ± 5.17 pg/ml). The level of cholecystokinin in the blood after water exercise in patients with PDS increased statistically significantly to 176.14 ± 8.16 pg/ml, with EPS – decreased to 187.98 ± 7.26 pg/ml. Correlations between the magnitude of cholecystokininemia and the main anthropometric data in EPS and PDS are multidirectional.
Conclusion. Cholecystokinin plays an important role in the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal motility disorders in patients with functional dyspepsia.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most widespread gastrointestinal pathologies and the most common reason for seeking medical care at the level of a primary link of public health services in many countries around the world. The classic clinical presentations of GERD are heartburn, belching, and regurgitation (spitting up), but the overall spectrum of GERD symptoms is broader and more heterogeneous in scope, including extraesophageal symptoms. Clinical and/or endoscopic refractoriness of some patients to the standard proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) therapy remains a global challenge in the management of patients with GERD at the current stage of clinical medicine development. A medicinal product of a fundamentally new class was developed to optimize the treatment of patients with GERD – an esophageal mucosal protectant, which consists of a fixed combination of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate dissolved in a bioadhesive carrier (polymerase 407). This review is primarily aimed at systematizing data on the efficacy of the esophageal mucosal protectant in the treatment of patients with GERD. The systematic review that summarized the results of 10 studies involving 1090 patients with GERD showed that adding this esophageal mucosal protectant to the PPI therapy increased the efficacy of GERD therapy, as well as improved the frequency of symptomatic, endoscopic and morphological response to the treatment. Such combination therapy contributes to the optimization of the treatment of patients with various disease phenotypes, regress of both esophageal and extraesophageal symptoms, and potentiation of repair of the esophageal mucosa. To increase the efficacy of treatment and improve the prognosis of the disease, this approach should be implemented at the early stages of therapy in real clinical practice.

Today, one of the significant and urgent problems of gastroenterology is Helicobacter pylori infection, which is one of the most common causative agents of chronic infections in humans. The problems of its diagnosis, and to a greater extent therapy, continue to be the subject of numerous consensuses and recommendations. The effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy is quite acute, taking into account both the characteristics of the microorganism itself, the growing antibiotic resistance and the decrease in patients’ adherence to therapy. The choice of treatment regimen is determined by a number of regional characteristics, including indicators of H. pylori resistance to clarithromycin and nitroimidazole, as a result of which regional recommendations are being developed in a number of countries. At the same time, the summary data on the resistance of H. pylori to clarithromycin in Russia do not allow us to speak about high rates of this problem. Therefore, clarithromycin can be used in first-line therapy as an effective component of eradication therapy. At the same time, an important measure to improve the effectiveness of H. pylori eradication is to increase the adherence of patients to therapy, which consists in talking with the patient, providing complete information about the disease, its complications, the need to follow all recommendations and taking prescribed drugs, keeping a patient diary, and, if necessary, telephone contact with the patient. In addition, it is possible to influence compliance by increasing it by prescribing a fixed combination of drugs in one package. An example of this approach is the drug combination of omeprazole, clarithromycin and amoxicillin. This article presents a small review of the literature on the reasons for unsuccessful H. pylori eradication, considers possible ways to improve it, and analyzes a clinical case with a discussion of rational pharmacocorrection.

Chronic gastritis is a group of chronic diseases that are morphologically characterized by persistent inflammatory infiltrate and impaired cellular turnover with the development of intestinal metaplasia, atrophy, and epithelial dysplasia in the gastric mucosa. Numerous studies have shown that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the absolutely dominant etiological factor of CG worldwide. Given this fact, the Expert Council of the latest Maastricht VI 2022 consensus recommended that H. pylori is to be treated as a pathogen, which always results in the development of CG. The prevalence of H. pylori-associated CG is about 44.3–48.5%, however 80–90% of cases are asymptomatic. In H. pylori­infected patients with dyspepsia and no other pathology of the gastroduodenal region, which has been confirmed endoscopically, clinical manifestations can be interpreted as part of H. pylori­associated CG if a long-lasting remission of symptoms has been achieved after successful eradication therapy. While patients with persistent dyspeptic symptoms can be considered as patients with functional dyspepsia, despite successful eradication therapy. Advanced endoscopic techniques (narrow band imaging (NBI) endoscopy, high resolution endoscopy, chromoendoscopy, laser confocal endomicroscopy) are precise and reproducible methods for diagnosing precancerous changes in the mucous membrane. However, the diagnosis of CG requires that inflammatory cells have been histologically detected in the lamina propria. The CG therapy aims to reach a persistent relief of dyspeptic symptoms of the disease (if any), as well as resolution of inflammatory processes and prevention of the progression of precancerous changes in the gastric mucosa. The achievement of these goals is primarily determined by the timely diagnosis of H. pylori infection and successful eradication therapy.

This review of the literature is devoted to the importance of nutritional support in the treatment and prevention of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract associated with Helicobacter pylori. Modern data on the biological properties of H. pylori and the mechanisms of colonization of the microorganism in the gastrointestinal mucosa are presented. Information is provided on the virulence factors and factors that promote adhesion, depolymerization and dissolution of protective mucus, damage and circulatory disorders of the gastrointestinal mucosa, secreted by H. pylori (lipopolysaccharides and proteins of the outer shell of the bacterium, enzymes – mucinase, protease, phospholipase, urease, VacA cytotoxin). The article pays special attention to the issues of diet therapy, the role of various foods and their components in the dietary correction of disorders in gastrointestinal diseases associated with H. pylori. The causes of nutritional disorders in patients with gastrointestinal diseases are described and a detailed description of food products and their biologically active components with anti-Helicobacter activity is given. A special section is devoted to the use and effectiveness of specialized dietary products for therapeutic and preventive nutrition of domestic production (LLC “Leovit nutria”) and the features of use in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract mediated by H. pylori. The authors provide information on the composition of dietary products, their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunotropic and other activities that underlie clinical efficacy. The article provides detailed recommendations on the use of specialized dietary foods for this pathology.

Introduction. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increases with age. The main risk factor for NAFLD and the progression of liver fibrosis is obesity. However, the disease also occurs in 7% of people with normal body weight, mainly in young women with normal levels of liver enzymes, in whom liver disease can nevertheless progress.
Aim. To assess the features of clinical and laboratory manifestations of non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis (NASP) in women of reproductive age and in menopause, depending on the degree of obesity.
Materials and methods. We examined 86 women with NAS and obesity, of which 49 were women of reproductive age (37.3 ± 1.7 years) and 37 patients in menopause (51.3 ± 1.0 years). Determined: transaminases, total bilirubin, glucose, lipid spectrum, insulin, leptin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), vasculoendothelial growth factor (VEGF); body mass index (BMI), atherogenicity index (AI), and HOMA-IR index were calculated. Liver steatosis was determined by ultrasound, fibrosis was excluded by fibroelastography.
Results. The clinic in both groups of women was poor; there were no signs of liver fibrosis. In women with liver steatosis with concomitant obesity in reproductive age and menopause, dyslipidemia, hyperleptinemia, increased levels of IL-6 and signs of endothelial damage in the form of VEGF hyperproduction are recorded. At the same time, dyslipidemia and hyperleptinemia are significant in menopause, and in women with steatosis at reproductive age, signs of endothelial damage are more pronounced.
Conclusion. In both groups of women with the clinical form of NASP, most of the studied laboratory parameters marked the transition to stage 1 obesity, leptin made it possible to differentiate almost all degrees of obesity, and the production of IL-6 and VEGF significantly increased at stages 2–3 of obesity.

Hemostasis disorders in cirrhosis / severe liver disease are complex, as they affect both pro- and anticoagulant factors, as well as pro- and antifibrinolytic components. Most of the tests that are used in clinical practice to assess coagulation do not take into account the compensatory capabilities of this system as a whole. This document provides guidance for the optimal application and interpretation of global screening tests in the assessment of hemostasis in cirrhosis/severe liver disease, analysis of risk factor of spontaneous and perioperative hemorrhagic complications in these patients, and possible ways to correct them. Thrombocytopenia is one of the most common hematological abnormalities in cirrhosis/ severe liver disease. The frequency of thrombocytopenia in such patients at the stage of liver cirrhosis is 70%, at the pre-cirrhotic stage – 6%. The latest scientific data on the use of thrombopoietin receptor agonists in chronic liver diseases are presented: which patients are the best candidates for a such of therapy. The rationality and limitations in prescribing blood components to patients with liver cirrhosis/severe liver diseases are described. Emphasis is placed on the fact that a number of hemorrhagic complications develop for other non-coagulopathic reasons: decompensated portal hypertension, traumatization of a varicose vein with trophic wall disorders, etc. Data are presented on the use of viscoelastic tests to optimize the management of patients with liver cirrhosis, which simultaneously assess the four main known components of the hemostasis system: the coagulation cascade, platelets, anticoagulant mechanisms and the fibrinolysis system. These tests allow optimization of transfusion of blood components in such patients and should be further studied. Research in this very complex area of hepatology is ongoing and must continue.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is one of the most common liver diseases, morphologically representing a whole spectrum of pathological conditions, from steatosis and steatohepatitis to fibrosis, the clinical outcomes of which can be liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The frequency of adverse outcomes in the course of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease significantly increases against the background of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is probably due to the pathogenetic synergy of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with metabolic syndrome. The commonality of pathogenetic links, as a result, suggests the unidirectionality of therapeutic approaches. In this connection, a search was made for studies and meta-analyses in large electronic databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, UpToDate, CyberLeninka) in order to study modern methods of pharmacotherapy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The results of a number of experimental and clinical studies evaluating the effect of hypoglycemic drugs of the group of sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrate a wide range of intrahepatic effects that affect the manifestations of liver steatosis and fibrosis through the regulation of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, effects on intrahepatic inflammation, autophagy and apoptosis, as well as indirectly affecting hepatic metabolism, by reducing body weight. In addition, today gliflozins are rushing to occupy a completely new therapeutic niche, demonstrating anticarcinogenic effects in experimental studies. Thus, the pleiotropic effect of inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 suggests a potential hepatoprotective effect in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its outcomes.

Introduction. Treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) is necessary to induce remission and subsequently to maintain it. Given the good tolerability, safety and efficacy of mesalazine, it is considered as a first-line therapy for patients with mild to moderate forms.
Aim of the study. To evaluate the effectiveness of induction of clinical and endoscopic remission in patients with mild and moderate UC during 8 weeks therapy with mesalazine in routine clinical practice.
Materials and methods. The study included 40 patients aged 18 to 75 years with mild to moderate attacks of UC who received therapy for 8 weeks. Efficacy was evaluated after 2 and 8 weeks. The dynamics of the quality of life of patients was assessed on the basis of the IBS-QOL questionnaire, satisfaction with therapy was assessed using the Likert scale.
Results. During therapy, the Mayo index significantly decreased, amounting to 4.95 ± 1.74 vs 4.08 ± 1.58 vs 2.53 ± 1.45 for visits 1, 2 and 3, respectively (p < 0.05). The mean value of the level of calprotectin decreased by 2.5 times during 8 weeks of therapy (p < 0.05). After 8 weeks of observation, there were no endoscopic signs of inflammation in 10 patients (25%), in 3 patients (7.5%) endoscopic activity was moderate, and in the remaining 27 subjects (67.5%) it was minimal. The mean IBS-QOL score decreased from 84.25 ± 19.67 to 69.80 ± 17.96 after 8 weeks of therapy (p < 0.05). Satisfaction with treatment according to the Likert scale was 4.13 ± 0.79 points, which corresponds to a high degree of satisfaction. No adverse events were recorded during the entire observation period.
Conclusion. Data analysis demonstrated the effectiveness of induction of clinical and endoscopic remission of mild to moderate forms of left-sided UC and pancolitis with a significant positive effect on the quality of life and good tolerability of the drug.

In different periods of time, the leading pathology determining pharmacotherapy has become one that has reached a new level of study. At present, this pathology is intestinal flora disorder, which affects the trophicity of the intestinal wall, functional disorder and the formation of pain. The second type of disorder is enzyme insufficiency, which forms polypathology. These two disorders are primarily targeted by the search for pharmacological agents (their synthesis) for more successful treatment. This report provides information on two new drugs that qualify as dietary supplements. The first belongs to the group of probiotics (metabiotic), the second to the group of enzymes (predominantly herbal). Documents for registration were submitted by “Vitabiotics” in 2020. They are currently approved for use. Supporting materials have been submitted by the company and include two reviews and results of the effectiveness of the treatment of different gastrointestinal pathologies (organic and functional) with the indicated drugs in 613 patients. The clinical effects shown by the authors are associated with normalisation of the intestinal flora and restoration of functional disorders (or in reverse sequence, normalisation of motility followed by normalisation of the flora carried by the metabiotic). The second drug contains a set of herbal enzymes. Its effects are as good as those of animal enzymes, it expands the range of nosologies of use and has ‘psychological benefits’. Overall, the results are evaluated as positive, no severe complications have occurred. Lactase deficiency, which is quite common, is highlighted as a prospective use.

Introduction.The results of registrational clinical trials (CTs) and real clinical practice do not always correlate. The task of practitioners is to find optimal approaches to the therapy of Crohn’s disease, based on the analysis of clinical trials and real-world data.
Aim. To make a retrospective assessment of the efficacy and tolerability of UST therapy in patients with moderate to severe CD in real clinical practice.
Materials and methods. A total of 88 patients with CD were included in the study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of UST. Among the patients, men accounted for 48.9%, women – 51.1%, the average age was 36.4 ± 4.8 years, the disease duration was 7.8 ± 2.1 years. 67.1% of patients with moderate CD in the form of ileocolitis (82.9%) had a stenosing (26.1%) and penetrating (50.0%) form of the disease. 95.4% of patients received prior immunosuppressive therapy.
Results. After inductive therapy with UST, clinical response and clinical remission within 8 weeks were recorded in 86 (97.7%) patients with CD. After 26 weeks, 58 (65.9%) patients achieved clinical remission, 28 (31.8%) patients with CD and all patients who responded to UST therapy maintained clinical response. Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) decreased from 445.8 ± 50.4 to 134.6 ± 21.4 points. Clinically significant endoscopic improvement was reported in 25 (40.3%) of 62 patients, endoscopic response in 14 (22.6%) patients, endoscopic remission in 18 (29.0%). After 26 weeks, CDAI decreased from 7.8 ± 1.8 to 2.9 ± 1.2 points, after 52 weeks it decreased from 445.8 ± 50.4 to 141.6 ± 28.2. Steroid-free remission in CD patients accounted for 68.2%. 1-year survival of UST therapy was 97.7%, 2-year survival was 95.5%.
Conclusions. The observation demonstrated the high efficacy of the drug in induction and maintenance therapy in the cohort of patients with severe to moderate CD resistant to disease-modifying and genetically engineered biological drugs.

A review of current literature data was made, substantiating the high prevalence and social significance of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In different regions of the world, the prevalence of IBS ranges from 10% to 15%. The pathogenesis of IBS is a multifactorial process, including dysmotility, sluggish immune inflammation, changes in intestinal permeability, dysbiosis, exposure to infectious agents, malnutrition, neurohumoral dysregulation, changes in the central nervous system (psychological stress, cognitive dysfunction) in combination with genetic factors. The complexity of the pathogenesis determines the heterogeneity of the clinical manifestations of IBS, among which there may be forms with a predominance of pain, constipation, diarrhea, flatulence, which in turn complicates approaches to the treatment of this disease. The decisive importance of fecal dysbiosis for the pathogenesis of functional bowel pathology is now recognized. A 2019 systematic review showed a clear decrease in the genera Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium, an increase in the families Lactobacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and the genus Bacteroides in patients with IBS compared with healthy individuals. The Rome IV criteria, the recommendations of the British Society of Gastroenterology, the United European Gastroenterology and the European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility, the Russian Gastroenterological Association substantiate the use of probiotics for the treatment of IBS. Placebo-controlled clinical studies confirm the action of Bifidobacterium longum 35624 to normalize the frequency and form of stools, relieve general symptoms, abdominal pain, bloating, and improve the quality of life in patients with IBS. The expert council, held on March 18, 2022 in Moscow, chaired by the chief gastroenterologist of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Academician of the RAS V.T. Ivashkin, confirmed the effectiveness of probiotics for the treatment of IBS.

Introduction. The currently known prognostic criteria for biological therapy have limitations and have not been widely used in clinical practice.
Aim. Find predictors of the effectiveness of biological therapy with infliximab in patients with ulcerative colitis.
Materials and methods. The object of the study was patients (n = 52) diagnosed with Ulcerative Colitis in the active form of the disease, including 27 men and 25 women undergoing therapy with infliximab. Follow-up was carried out for three years from the start of therapy. The age of the examined persons ranged from 19 to 64 years (mean age 34.76 ± 2.13 years). The mean score on the Mayo scale was 6.1 ± 3.49.
Results. In the course of our study, we obtained the following data on the effectiveness of infliximab therapy in patients with severe ulcerative colitis: a significant improvement in the dynamics of laboratory and instrumental parameters was recorded in 25 people (43.8%); the onset of stable clinical remission — in 15 people (26.3%); disease progression — in 5 cases (8.7%); lack of dynamics or a less pronounced effect — in 12 cases (21.2%).
Conclusions. We have identified a system of clinical and laboratory factors that make it possible to predict the effectiveness of biological therapy with infliximab in patients with ulcerative colitis. The mathematical model in the form of a discriminant function makes it possible to divide patients into groups depending on the possible effect of the use of biological therapy with infliximab before its initiation (the sensitivity of the model is 83.3%, the specificity is 71.4%).

Introduction. The spread of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), comorbid with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, requires modification of methods for non-invasive diagnosis of liver steatosis and fibrosis and concomitant gastrointestinal syndromes.
Aim. Substantiation of a modified complex outpatient transabdominal sonographic diagnosis of combined lesions of the liver and intestines in comorbid GERD.
Materials and methods. 165 outpatients with GERD (mean age 40.4 ± 2.9 years) underwent clinical and laboratory examinations, ultrasound examination (UE) of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), liver shear wave elastometry (SWE), esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy (CS).
Results and discussion. In patients with GERD, a pronounced transsyndromic comorbidity was observed. The degrees of steatosis and fibrosis of the liver according to SWE positively correlated with the biochemical indices APRI and FORNS. ST-index of liver steatosis was statistically significantly associated with the presence of esophagitis, bile sludge, gallbladder polyps and thickening of the colon wall according to ultrasound criteria, sigmoiditis according to CS. Steatosis on ultrasound was associated with male sex, increased waist circumference, lactase deficiency and deficiency of cholecalciferol in the blood, the presence of yeast-like fungi in feces. Liver fibrosis according to the FORNS index directly correlated with the volume of HE-reflux, duodenitis and intestinal damage according to the results of ultrasound, and according to the APRI index, it inversely correlated with the concentration of vitamin D3 in the blood. Fibrosis according to the ESP criteria directly correlated with the presence of hiatal hernia, bile sludge, and the volume of HE-refluxate according to ultrasound criteria; with lactase deficiency, as well as esophagitis and colitis on endoscopic signs.
Conclusions. To identify steatosis and liver fibrosis, the SWE methodology can be considered priority, and serum panels of biomarkers – alternative. Ultrasound of the gastrointestinal tract and SWE allow you to identify the degree of steatosis and fibrosis of the liver, the pathology of the esophagus, colon and the biliary system.

A new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) of a particularly severe course is more often observed in the elderly, this is largely due to age-related immunological and metabolic changes, as well as polymorbidity. In the literature, increasing evidence highlights how malnutrition negatively affects the immune system functionality, impairing protection from infections.
Individual vitamins and trace elements play an important role in supporting both innate and acquired immune defenses. Many chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in the elderly are often associated with a high risk of malnutrition and a poorer prognosis. The main causes of malnutrition are limited mobility, catabolic changes in skeletal muscles, as well as a decrease in food intake, which can be further aggravated in the elderly. In this article the role of nutrition of elderly patients in the period of a new coronavirus infection pandemic is analyzed. Nutrition is a determinant of the health status of older persons. Inadequate nutrition contributes to the progression of many diseases, and also increases the risk of adverse outcomes, including coronavirus infection. Therefore, it is important to assess the nutritional status of patients infected with COVID‐19 at all stages of treatment. It is imperative to provide adequate nutrition, which will make up for the deficiency of micro- / macronutrients, primarily protein and energy necessary for the recovery of the body.
According to modern recommendations, the management program for elderly patients with COVID-19 should include measures aimed at screening, preventing and treatment of malnutrition.

Introduction. The use of remdesivir in patients with the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 is known to improve the prognosis of the disease. But there is not enough data on efficacy and safety of remdesivir use in patients from Russia.
Aim. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of remdesivir in patients with COVID-19.
Materials and methods. A comparative prospective study was conducted in two parallel groups. The study enrolled 300 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 (grade 1–3 severe pneumonia according to CT scan), who were divided into two groups (n = 150 in each) according to the prescription of remdesivir. Treatment efficacy was assessed by recording cases of disease progression and adverse outcomes. The safety of therapy was assessed by hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
Results. Patients receiving remdesivir were significantly less likely to be transferred to the intensive care unit (OR 0.3884, 95% CI: 0.1645–0.9175) and to be on artificial ventilation (OR 0.3830, 95% CI: 0.1539–0.9527). Treatment with remdesivir had no significant effect on mortality (OR 0.4932, 95% CI: 0.08897–2.7346) and complications (OR 0.4391, 95% CI: 0.1623–1.1879), including acute respiratory distress syndrome (OR 0.3919, 95% CI: 0.07483–2.0524). The duration of hospitalization was significantly shorter in group 1 patients – 12.2533 days (95% CI: 11.4101–13.0966) compared to group 2 – 14.5267 days (95% CI: 13.5125–15.5408). Hepatotoxicity with remdesivir (OR 1.5376, 95% CI: 0.8035–2.9426), nephrotoxicity (OR 1.6338, 95% CI: 0.522–5.1141) were noted, but no statistically significant difference was found (p > 0.05).
Conclusions. The addition of remdesivir to the basic regimen of patients with new coronavirus infection COVID-19 improved the course of the disease, reducing the risks of patients being transferred to the intensive care unit and of receiving artificial ventilation.